Academia.eduAcademia.edu
Download Free PDF
Free PDF
paper cover icon
Download Free PDF
Traces of Octavian's military activities at Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine = Sledovi Oktavijanovega vojaškega delovanja na Gradišču v Cerknem in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah

38 Pages

Traces of Octavian's military activities at Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine = Sledovi Oktavijanovega vojaškega delovanja na Gradišču v Cerknem in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah

Traces of Octavian's military activities at Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine = Sledovi Oktavijanovega vojaškega delovanja na Gradišču v Cerknem in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah

Profile image of Istenič JankaIstenič Janka

The paper describes and discusses the archaeological evidence from Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine in the Posočje region (the Tolmin-Cerkno area). The Roman weapons (various projectiles) and military equipment recovered there indicate Roman military activities and closely resemble those from Grad near Reka and its surroundings that have been brought into relation with Octavian's Illyrian wars (35–33 BC; Istenič 2005).

Related Papers

In: J. Istenič, B. Laharnar, J. Horvat (ds.). Evidence of the Roman army in Slovenia / Sledovi rimske vojske na Slovenskem, Katalogi in Monografije 41, 2015, 171-208.

Early Roman military finds from prehistoric settlements in the Gorenjska region = Zgodnjerimske vojaške najdbe s prazgodovinskih naselbin na Gorenjskem

2015 •

Jana Horvat

This contribution opens with an overview of sites in the area of Šmartno near Cerklje. The focus, however, is the prehistoric hilltop settlements on Straža above Šmartno and on Gobavica above Mengeš, which revealed parts of Early Roman military equipment. The material could be divided into two chronological groups. The early finds date from the mid-1st century BC to the Early Augustan period, while the late finds date from the Middle Augustan to the Late Augustan / Early Tiberian periods. They indicate an occasional presence of the Roman army or the existence of small military posts on locations previously settled by the indigenous population. The two sites were no longer permanently settled at least from the Middle Augustan period onwards, and the centre of habitation had been transferred to the plain.

View PDF
Marcomannic wars and new Roman period discoveries in Jevíčko (West Moravia/East Bohemia). Archeologické rozhledy 72, 2020, 479–522.

Eduard Droberjar

The paper deals with the issue of Roman archaeological finds and assemblage in the Malá Haná region in the context of substantial strong Germanic settlement activities that had or may have had connections to the period of Marcomannic wars. During the last decade of research in particular on sites near Jevíčko town in was possible to gain a lot of knowledge on the issues of settlement of the Early Roman period. In addition to Roman imports, related to trade activities, a whole range of artifacts (especially militaria) can be associated with the movement of the Roman army deep in the Barbaricum or directly with the orthernmost Roman temporary camp near Jevíčko. The Malá Haná region thus becomes an important research area for a detailed interpretation of Roman-Germanic interactions at the end of the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

View PDF
Remarks on the possibilities of studying armed conflicts between the Romans and Germans during the Marcomannic Wars in Moravia. In: P. Drnovský – P. Hejhal (eds.), Archaeology of Conflicts. Červený Kostelec: Pavel Mervart, Hradec Králové: Univerzita Hradec Králové, 2020, 11–25.

Eduard Droberjar, Balázs Komoróczy, Marek Vlach

View PDF
Guštin Mitja, Roman camps following the route to Segestica and the western Balkans. – Istenič J., Laharnar B., Horvat J. (eds.), Evidence of the Roman army in Slovenia. Narodni muzej Slovenije. Ljubljana 2015, 221-233.

Mitja Gustin

View PDF

Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology

The Inscription of Cohors III Alpinorum from Cecela near Drniš (Dalmatia) and the Question of the Roman Military Presence in Petrovo polje During the Principate

2020 •

Nikola Cesarik, Luka Drahotusky-Bruketa

New insights about the previously unpublished inscription of cohors III Alpinorum, located in the Archaeological Museum in Zadar, are brought to light. Previously documented as an inscription from an unknown site, calling upon the diaries of a Friar Lujo Marun, it is now identified as an inscription from Petrovo polje; more precisely from the Cecela hilltop in the village of Siverić near the city of Drniš. So far, eight inscriptions with the record of Roman auxiliary units were found in the area of Petrovo polje, thus the inscription from Cecela should not be considered as an isolated case, but rather as a part of a relatively larger group of epigraphic records of Roman auxiliary units. The inscriptions were found in several locations (Tepljuh, Otavice, Kadina Glavica, Umljanovići) and as such, they represent the foundation of a hypothesis for the existence of several Roman auxiliary forts in Petrovo polje. On the other hand, it has recently been suggested that only one fort should be located in Petrovo polje, i.e. in the wider area of Kadina Glavica. The proposed location for the auxiliary fort is found at the slope below the place name "Glavičina" in the area of the village of Parčić near Kadina Glavica. From that point, several scholars are often mentioning 'the auxiliary fort in Kadina Glavica', sometimes even as a proven and undoubted fact. The authors hereby disregard such interpretation and give a new perspective on the presence of Roman soldiers in the area of Petrovo Polje.

View PDF
Small finds from the Roman fort at Nadleški hrib, The Notranjska region (SW Slovenia), The Roman Army between the Alps and the Adriatic, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 31 / Studia Alpium et Adriae I, 2016, 85-97

BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, Alenka Miškec

The contribution presents the small archaeological finds from the Roman fort at Nadleški hrib in the valley of Loška dolina (the Notranjska region, SW Slovenia). The finds were unearthed by a collector of antiquities who used a metal detector to examine part of the site following the 2014 sleet storm that left behind numerous uprooted trees. The majority of the finds can be associated with the Roman army and dated from the mid-1st century BC to and including the Augustan period. Particularly noteworthy are the earliest military finds, which suggest that the fort was first set up in the pre-Augustan period, probably in the time of Octavian’s Illyrian wars (35–33 BC).

View PDF

ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM THE RIVER LJUBLJANICA. Typology, Chronology and Technology. Catalogi et monographiae 43, Ljubljana 2019.

ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM THE RIVER LJUBLJANICA. Typology, Chronology and Technology

2019 •

Istenič Janka

18-01-2021 You can now download a pdf of the book. To benefit from the high quality photos, please see the printed version, which you can order by email at blagajna@nms.si (58 €) The assemblage of the Roman militaria from the River Ljubljanica (Slovenia) up to the 3rd century comprises 79 items. For 54 of them, it has been possible to establish a relatively narrow dating, mostly to the Middle and Late Augustan periods. Results of the indepth research in their typology, chronology and systematic examination of the elemental composition of the non-ferrous metals employed in their production, as well as their interpretation, are given in the book. The spatial distribution of Roman military equipment in the riverbed of the Ljubljanica is also discussed. The available evidence suggests that the chronological and spatial distribution of Roman military equipment in the riverbed of the Ljubljanica was mainly determined by two factors: firstly, the great importance of traffic along the Ljubljanica for provisioning the Roman army in the Late Republican and particularly in the Augustan period, and secondly, the location of the eastern border of Cisalpine Gaul/ Italy and of the ager limitatus just upstream from the bend of the Ljubljanica at Bevke. Both factors changed significantly roughly at the same time, at the end of the Augustan or the beginning of the Tiberian period.

View PDF
Early Roman military equipment from the fortified settlements in the Notranjska region (SW Slovenia)

BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR

View PDF
Military graves from the Late Roman necropolis at Slog in Ravna (Timacum Minus) - Војнички гробови са касноантичке некрополе Слог у Равни (Timacum Minus)

2014 •

Nataša Miladinović-Radmilović

View PDF
Review of Agnieszka Tomas, LIVING WITH THE ARMY I. CIVIL SETTLEMENTS NEAR ROMAN LEGIONARY FORTRESSES IN LOWER MOESIA, Warsaw, 2017, 199 p., Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, ISBN 978-83-61376-35-4

Florian Matei-Popescu

View PDF
K ATA L O GI I N MONO GR A F I J E / C ATA L O GI E T MONO GR A PH I A E 4 1 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM JANKA ISTENIČ, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, JANA HORVAT Uredniki / Editors 2015 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA • SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM KATALOGI IN MONOGRAFIJE 41 2015 K ATA L O GI I N MONO GR A F I J E / C ATA L O GI E T MONO GR A PH I A E 4 1 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA • SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM Uredniki / Editors JANKA ISTENIČ, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, JANA HORVAT Ljubljana 2015 Katalogi in monograije / Catalogi et monographiae 41 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM Janka Istenič, Boštjan Laharnar, Jana Horvat (uredniki / editors) Jezikovni pregled slovenskih besedil / Slovenian language editing Glavni in odgovorni urednik serije / Editor-in-chief of the series Alenka Božič in Marjeta Humar Peter Turk Recenzenti / Reviewed by Technical editor / Tehnična urednica Jana Horvat, Janka Istenič, Peter Kos, Boštjan Laharnar Barbara Jerin Oblikovanje / Design Urejanje slikovnega gradiva / Figures editing Barbara Predan Ida Murgelj Založnik / Publisher Uredniški odbor / Editorial board Narodni muzej Slovenije Dragan Božič, Janez Dular, Janka Istenič, Timotej Kniic, Biba Teržan Zanj / Publishing executive Barbara Ravnik, direktorica Narodnega muzeja Slovenije Tisk / Print Present d. o. o. Naklada / Print run 400 Cena / Price 56 € © 2015 Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana Tiskano s inančno pomočjo Ministrstva za kulturo Republike Slovenije in Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije. he publication was made possible with funding from the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovenian Research Agency. CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 355(497.4)"652"(082) 94(37) EVIDENCE of the Roman army in Slovenia = Sledovi rimske vojske na Slovenskem / uredniki, editors Janka Istenič, Boštjan Laharnar, Jana Horvat. - Ljubljana : Narodni muzej Slovenije, 2015. - (Katalogi in monograije = Catalogi et monographiae / Narodni muzej Slovenije ; 41) ISBN 978-961-6169-97-4 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Istenič, Janka 280118528 Vse pravice pridržane. Noben del te izdaje ne sme biti reproduciran, shranjen ali prepisan v kateri koli obliki oz. na kateri koli način, bodisi elektronsko, mehansko, s fotokopiranjem, snemanjem ali kako drugače, brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja izdajatelja (copyright). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. CONTENTS KAZALO Preface 7 Predgovor Boštjan Laharnar he Roman army in the Notranjska region 9 Boštjan Laharnar Rimska vojska na Notranjskem Janka Istenič with a contribution by Alenka Miškec (the coin catalogue) Traces of Octavian's military activities at Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine Danilo Breščak Graves with weapons from Verdun near Stopiče 43 75 Janka Istenič s prispevkom Alenke Miškec (katalog novcev) Sledovi Oktavijanovega vojaškega delovanja na Gradišču v Cerknem in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah Danilo Breščak Grobovi z orožjem z Verduna pri Stopičah Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek, Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek, Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak Augustan military graves from the area 125 Avgustejska vojaška grobova s Kongresnega trga of Kongresni trg in Ljubljana v Ljubljani Jana Horvat Jana Horvat Early Roman military inds from prehistoric 171 Zgodnjerimske vojaške najdbe s prazgodovinskih settlements in the Gorenjska region naselbin na Gorenjskem Milan Sagadin Milan Sagadin Evidence of the Roman army in Early Roman Kranj 209 Sledovi rimske vojske v zgodnjeantičnem Kranju Mitja Guštin Mitja Guštin Roman camps following the route to Segestica 221 Rimski vojaški tabori v smeri proti Segestiki and the western Balkans in zahodnemu delu Balkanskega polotoka Alenka Miškec Alenka Miškec he role of Roman Republican denarii of Mark Antony 235 Vloga rimskih republikanskih denarijev Marka Antonija in the monetary circulation of the Late Republic v denarnem obtoku pozne republike Boštjan Laharnar, Benjamin Štular, Miha Mlinar Boštjan Laharnar, Benjamin Štular, Miha Mlinar Gradič above Kobarid – a Late Republican fortiied emporium? 243 Gradič nad Kobaridom, poznorepublikanski utrjeni emporij? Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar Roman military equipment from the town centre of Poetovio 257 Rimska vojaška oprema iz središča Petovione Irena Lazar Irena Lazar Roman tile workshop at Vransko – archaeology, 269 Rimska opekarna na Vranskem – arheologija, ager of Celeia and Roman history celejski ager in rimska zgodovina Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra Nestorović Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra Nestorović Germanic spur from Ptuj 285 Germanska ostroga s Ptuja Veronika Plaum, Judita Lux Veronika Plaum, Judita Lux Hackamore and other parts of equine equipment 297 Hakamora in drugi deli konjske opreme from the Roman villa at Mošnje (Abstract) iz rimske vile pri Mošnjah Julijana Visočnik Julijana Visočnik Soldiers from Roman autonomous towns in Slovenia, 305 Vojaki iz rimskih avtonomnih mest na Slovenskem, active in other parts of the Roman Empire (Summary) ki so službovali drugod po imperiju Anja Ragolič Anja Ragolič Die Zeit des Kaisers Gallienus und 317 Galienovo obdobje in vloga vojske die Rolle des Heeres in Poetovio v Petovioni Drago Svoljšak Drago Svoljšak Roman fort at Hrušica: indings of investigations after 1979 341 Rimska utrdba na Hrušici, izsledki izkopavanj po letu 1979 Janka Istenič Janka Istenič with a contribution by Andrej Šemrov (the coin catalogue) s prispevkom Andreja Šemrova (katalog novcev) Mali Njivč above Novaki 365 Mali Njivč nad Novaki Slavko Ciglenečki Slavko Ciglenečki Late Roman army, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 385 Poznorimska vojska, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum and the fortiications in the south-eastern Alps in utrjena krajina v jugovzhodnih Alpah Preface Predgovor he Roman army and the numerous inds and phenomena associated with it, is one of the central issues of Roman archaeology and history, as well as being a recurring research topic. Proučevanje najrazličnejših vidikov rimske vojske ter z njo povezanih pojavov je ena od osrednjih tem rimske arheologije in zgodovine. he last two decades of archaeological investigation in Slovenia, much of which was of a rescue nature, have revealed numerous traces of Roman military activities, ranging from forts to small fragments of military equipment. Concurrently with ield investigations, knowledge has also been gained from the study of previously recovered archaeological evidence, all of which sheds new light on events taking place on the territory of Slovenia at the end of prehistory and in the Roman period. As a result, we have a better understanding of the way that Roman conquest proceeded, we have gained additional knowledge of individual aspects of military defence and control in the Late Roman period, and more is known on the architecture and dating of individual forts and fortlets, on the provisioning of the army, on communication and transport lines, as well as on the Roman military equipment. In light of this, the National Museum of Slovenia and the Institute of Archaeology at the Scientiic Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts organised a scientiic gathering dedicated to new discoveries concerning Roman military activity on the territory of Slovenia. It took place on the 17 and 18 November 2011 in Ljubljana. his event led to the idea for a publication that would bring together the results of recent investigations into the subject. Subsequent years have been dedicated to gathering contributions, but also to peer reviewing and editing. he book presents a rich collection of contributions, although it lacks the results of several important rescue excavations, the desktop assessment of which is not yet at a stage that would enable conclusions to be drawn. We nevertheless hope that this represents a valuable addition to our knowledge of the Roman period in Slovenia and will prompt further research. Janka Istenič, Jana Horvat and Boštjan Laharnar Arheološke raziskave, med katerimi je bilo največ zaščitnih, so v zadnjih dveh desetletjih razkrile številne nove sledi delovanja rimske vojske na območju sedanje Slovenije, od utrdb do drobnih odlomkov vojaške opreme. Hkrati je bilo znova proučeno že prej znano arheološko gradivo. Te raziskave so na novo osvetlile dogajanje na ozemlju sedanje Slovenije ob koncu prazgodovine in v rimski dobi. Napredovali smo v razumevanju poteka rimskega osvajanja ozemlja Slovenije v zgodnjerimski dobi ter poglobili poznavanje posameznih vidikov vojaške obrambe in nadzora v poznorimski dobi, več vemo o arhitekturi in datiranju vojaških utrdb, o oskrbi vojske, o poteku prometnih in oskrbovalnih poti ter o rimski vojaški opremi. Narodni muzej Slovenije in Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti sta 17. in 18. novembra 2011 v Ljubljani organizirala znanstveno srečanje, posvečeno novim odkritjem v zvezi z delovanjem rimske vojske na ozemlju Slovenije. Iz srečanja je zrasla zamisel o knjigi, v kateri bi bili na enem mestu predstavljeni najnovejši raziskovalni rezultati. V naslednjih letih smo se posvetili zbiranju prispevkov o izbranih temah, njihovemu recenziranju in urejanju. V knjigi žal manjka obravnava nekaterih pomembnih zaščitnih izkopavanj, pri katerih stopnja obravnave gradiva še ne omogoča objave izsledkov. Kljub vsemu upamo, da bo knjiga dragocen prispevek k razumevanju rimske dobe na Slovenskem in spodbuda za nadaljnje raziskovalno delo. Janka Istenič, Jana Horvat in Boštjan Laharnar 7 TRACES OF OCTAVIAN'S MILITARY ACTIVITIES AT GRADIŠČE IN CERKNO AND VRH GRADU NEAR PEČINE SLEDOVI OKTAVIJANOVEGA VOJAŠKEGA DELOVANJA NA GRADIŠČU V CERKNEM IN VRH GRADU PRI PEČINAH Janka Istenič, with a contribution by Alenka Miškec (the coin catalogue) Janka Istenič, s prispevkom Alenke Miškec (katalog novcev) Abstract Izvleček he paper describes and discusses the archaeological evidence from Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine in the Posočje region (the Tolmin-Cerkno area, Western Slovenia). he Roman weapons (various projectiles) and military equipment recovered there indicate Roman military activities and closely resemble those from Grad near Reka and its environs that are probably connected with Octavian’s Illyrian wars (35–33 BC; Istenič 2005). V članku obravnavamo materialne sledove rimskega vojaškega delovanja na Gradišču v Cerknem in na Vrh gradu pri Pečinah v Posočju, na Tolminsko-Cerkljanskem. Tam najdeni primerki rimskega orožja (ohranjeni so različni izstrelki) in vojaške opreme so zelo podobni najdbam z Gradu pri Reki z okolico, za katere se je pokazalo (Istenič 2005a), da so zelo verjetno povezani z Okravijanovimi ilirskimi vojnami (35–33 pr. Kr.). Keywords: Gradišče in Cerkno, Vrh gradu near Pečine, Grad near Reka, battleields, Illyrian wars (35–33 BC), Late Republican weapons, military equipment from the end of the Republican period Ključne besede: Gradišče v Cerknem, Vrh gradu pri Pečinah, Grad pri Reki, sledovi vojaških spopadov, ilirske vojne (35–33 pr. Kr.), poznorepublikansko orožje, poznorepublikanska vojaška oprema Introduction Uvod In the 1980s and 1990s, several metal detector enthusiasts revealed two sites, Grad near Reka and its environs and Gradišče in Cerkno (the Posočje region, western Slovenia; ig. 1), which yielded a very similar range of inds consisting of Roman weapons, military equipment and coins. hese items probably represent traces of Roman military assaults. A comparative analysis of the inds indicates a date in the fourth decade BC. Considering the wider historical context, I believe the inds to be related to Octavian’s Illyrian wars (35– 33 BC). For the Romans and the safety of Italy, it was of crucial importance to pacify the hinterland of the Soča Valley before undertaking military campaigns towards the southeast. Another important piece of evidence in support of the above-proposed date of the Roman military action at Grad near Reka can be found in Appian’s Illyrike (Illyr. 16,47), where the Carni are mentioned among the tribes defeated during Octavian’s Illyrian wars. he Carni occupied areas in the northern Adriatic, including the Tolmin-Cerkno area, extending eastwards perhaps as far as the present-day Kranj.1 V 80-ih in 90-ih letih minulega stoletja je več oseb s pomočjo detektorjev kovin na Gradu pri Reki z okolico in na Gradišču v Cerknem (Posočje, zahodna Slovenija; sl. 1) odkrilo dve najdišči z zelo podobnim spektrom najdb rimskega orožja in vojaške opreme ter rimskega denarja. Ti predmeti so verjetno sledovi rimskih vojaških napadov. Primerjalna analiza arheoloških najdb je pokazala na njihovo datacijo v 4. desetletje pr. Kr. Glede na zgodovinske okoliščine smo sklepali, da so povezani z Oktavijanovimi ilirskimi vojnami (35–33 pr. Kr.). Osvojitev zaledja doline Soče je bila namreč pomembna z vidika varnosti Italije in je bila nujna pred vojaškimi posegi proti jugovzhodu. Za datacijo v 4. stoletje govori tudi Apijanova omemba Karnov med ljudstvi, ki jih je Oktavijan premagal v ilirskih vojnah (Illyr. 16,47). Karni so namreč, poleg številnih drugih severnojadranskih območij, najverjetneje poseljevali tudi Tolminsko in Cerkljansko ter na vzhodu morda tudi območje sedanjega Kranja.1 Archaeological remains of Roman military conlicts are extremely rare and therefore exceptional inds. his is also 1 Istenič 2005a. Sledovi vojaških spopadov v rimski dobi so redke in zato izjemne najdbe. Iz obdobja med koncem Cezarjevih galskih vojn (50 pr. Kr.) in začetkom srednjeavgustejske dobe 1 Istenič 2005a. 43 (15 pr. Kr.) pa je sploh le malo dobro datiranih najdišč z rimskimi vojaškimi najdbami.2 V članku iz leta 20053 je poudarek na najdiščnem sklopu s središčem na Gradu pri Reki, Gradišče v Cerknem pa je kot sočasno najdišče vključeno v diskusijo o dataciji. V tu objavljenem članku predstavljamo zgodnjerimske vojaške najde z Gradišča v Cerknem in z Vrh gradu pri Pečinah na Šentviški planoti (sl. 1), ki najverjetneje prav tako sodi v sklop rimskih vojaških posegov na začetku ilirskih vojn. V diskusiji vsa tri najdišča obravnavamo v luči v zadnjem desetletju objavljenih študij o rimskih osvajanjih alpskega območja. Gradišče v Cerknem Figure 1. Geographical position of the archaeological sites from the 2nd–1st centuries BC and other locations mentioned in the text (I. Murgelj). Legend: × battleield site, ◉ Roman town, ▫ Roman fort, ● other sites, locations; ₎₍ pass. Slika 1. Geografska lega v besedilu omenjenih krajev in najdišč 2. in 1. stoletju pr. Kr (izdelava I. Murgelj). Legenda: × najdišče s sledovi rimskega vojaškega napada; ◉ rimsko mesto; ▫ rimski vojaški tabor; ● druga najdišča oziroma kraji; ₎₍ prelaz. the case for the period spanning from the end of Caesar’s Gallic wars (50 BC) to the beginning of the Middle Augustan period (15 BC), for which very few reliably dated archaeological sites of a military character are known.2 In my 2005 article the emphasis was on the inds centred upon Grad near Reka, while the contemporary inds from Gradišče in Cerkno were included in the discussion on dating.3 he current contribution reports on the Early Roman military inds from Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine on the plateau of the Šentviška planota (ig. 1), which most probably also testify to Roman military interventions at the beginning of the Illyrian wars. he two sites are discussed below together with Grad near Reka in the light of publications on Roman military metalwork from the end of the Republican period and studies on the Roman conquest of the Alps published after 2005. Gradišče in Cerkno Gradišče is an elongated hill running in a north-south direction and rising above the centre of the town of Cerkno (igs. 2–3). It has a level top just over 80 m in length and 2 44 3 Andagoste: Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002; Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2006; Osuna: Sievers 1997; surroundings of Seville (probably Roman Munda): MartinKilcher 2011, 37, ig. 11. Istenič 2005a. Gradišče v Cerknem je podolgovata, približno v smeri sever–jug orientirana vzpetina neposredno nad središčem Cerkna (sl. 2–3). Na vrhu je malo manj kot 80 m dolga in največ okoli 15 m široka ravnica (sl. 7: A). Vzhodno in zahodno pobočje sta izrazito strma. Južno pobočje je manj strmo in se s številnimi terasami, na katerih so bile do pred desetletji njive, spušča k pribl. 130 m nižji dolini ob reki Cerknici v Cerknem. Vrhnja ravnica Gradišča se na severozahodu zoži v pribl. 15 m dolg greben (sl. 7: B). Temu proti severu sledi izrazita kopasta razširitev, ki strmo pada proti zahodu, severu in vzhodu (sl. 4; 5: C; 7: C). Najverjetneje gre za obrambni nasip, ki je branil najlažji dostop na Gradišče. Prek nasipa se namreč pot spusti na sedlo (sl. 5: D; 7: D), ki Gradišče loči od severno ležečega hribovitega sveta in na katerega z vzhoda vodi pot iz Cerkna. Z Gradišča, njegovih pobočij in vznožja je Arheološki oddelek Narodnega muzeja Slovenije v zadnjih 15 letih vpisal okoli 120 drobnih najdb, ki so jih tam izkopali nepooblaščeni iskalci s pomočjo detektorjev kovin. Večina teh predmetov je v več sklopih, zadnji leta 2014, prišla v zbirke Arheološkega oddelka Narodnega muzeja Slovenije. Med maloštevilnimi prazgodovinskimi predmeti so sulična ost (t. 1: 1) in obeski iz starejše železne dobe (t. 1: 2–5),4 iz mlajše železne dobe pa so za idrijsko skupino značilna ibula z nazaj obrnjeno živalsko glavo (t. 1: 6),5 kopača (t. 1: 7)6 in kosa (t. 1: 8).7 V 60. letih minulega stoletja so na južnem vznožju Gradišča (sl. 7: 2) našli depo 12 rimskih republikanskih srebrnikov, od katerih jih je Tolminski muzej pridobil devet, 2 3 4 5 6 7 Andagoste: Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002; Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2006; Osuna: Sievers 1997; okolica Seville (verjetno antična Munda): Martin-Kilcher 2011, 37, sl. 11. Istenič 2005a. Pavlin 2014; Teßmann 2007; Teržan 1973, 684. Prim. Guštin 1991, 36, t. 6: 11, 9: 11, 13: 3, 24: 7. Prim. Guštin 1991, t. 45: 2. Prim. Guštin 1991, t. 1: 8, 45: 8. up to 15 m wide (ig. 7: A); the eastern and western slopes are very steep. he gentler southern slope, with many terraces that were cultivated until a few decades ago, descends some 130 m towards the valley of the River Cerknica. Towards the north-west the top narrows into a roughly 15 m long ridge (ig. 7: B). To the north of this is a dome-like widening that descends steeply towards the west, north and east (igs. 4; 5: C; 7: C). his widening is probably a rampart that defended the most easily accessible part of Gradišče. On the other side of this rampart the access path descends to a saddle (igs. 5: D; 7: D) separating Gradišče from the hills to the north, which is accessed by a track running from the east, from Cerkno. he top, slopes and foot of Gradišče are documented by the Archaeological Department at the National Museum of Slovenia as the site of roughly 120 small inds dug out over the last 15 years by unauthorised enthusiasts using metal detectors. hese objects reached the museum in several stages, the last in 2014. he few prehistoric inds consist of a spearhead (pl. 1: 1) and pendants from the Early Iron Age (pl. 1: 2–5),4 as well as a brooch with a reverted animal head typical of the Idrija group (pl. 1: 6),5 a hoe (pl. 1: 7)6 and a scythe (pl. 1: 8) from the Late Iron Age.7 In the 1960s, a hoard of 12 Roman Republican silver coins was found on the southern slope of Gradišče (ig. 7: 2); nine were acquired by the Tolmin Museum, while the remaining three are lost. he latest coin is a well-preserved denarius, minted in either 47 or 46 BC.8 On the eastern slope of Gradišče,9 a well-preserved coin (tetradrachma) of the Norican group came to light.10 trije pa so izgubljeni. Najmlajši novec je dobro ohranjen denarij, skovan leta 47 ali 46 pr. Kr.8 Other coins from the site include a Greek coin minted in southern Italy between 270 and 203 BC,11 and three Roman coins from the 2nd century BC,12 all but one well preserved and none halved. he site has yielded no later Roman coins. Na vzhodnem pobočju Gradišča9 je bila najdena zelo dobro ohranjena tetradrahma noriške skupine.10 Other Roman inds consist largely of weapons and other objects connected with the Roman army in the second half of the 1st century BC. Most are projectiles: iron tanged catapult-bolts with pyramidal heads (pls. 2: 15–32; 3: 1–11), iron socketed catapult-bolts with pyramidal heads (pl. 3: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pavlin 2014; Teßmann 2007; Teržan 1973, 684. Cf. Guštin 1991, 36, pls. 6: 11, 9: 11, 13: 3, 24: 7. Cf. Guštin 1991, pl. 45: 2. Cf. Guštin 1991, pls. 1: 8, 45: 8. FMRSl I, 2-2; for circumstances of the ind and the location see: Vuga 1970. The information on the indspot of the coin was provided by Jože Golja, for which I thank him sincerely. Catalogue of coins, Cerkno – Gradišče, No. 2. Catalogue of coins, Cerkno – Gradišče, No. 1. Catalogue of coins, Cerkno – Gradišče, Nos. 3–5. Z najdišča izvirajo še grški novec iz južne Italije, kovan med 270 in 203 pr. Kr.11 in trije rimski novci iz 2. stoletja pr. Kr.,12 vsi razen enega dobro ohranjeni in noben med njimi polovičen. Mlajšega rimskega denarja s tega najdišča ne poznamo. Med rimskimi najdbami prevladujejo orožje in drugi predmeti, ki kažejo na povezavo z rimsko vojsko v drugi polovici 1. stoletja pr. Kr. Največ je izstrelkov: katapultne konice s piramidalno konico in trnom (t. 2: 15–32; 3: 1–11), katapultne konice s piramidalno glavo in tulcem (t. 3: 12–16), trirobe puščične osti (t. 4: 1–7), enostavne asimetrične pu8 9 10 11 12 FMRSl I, 2-2; najdiščne okoliščine in lega najdišča: Vuga 1970. Za podatek o tem, kje je bil novec najden, se zahvaljujem najditelju Jožetu Golji. Katalog novcev, Cerkno – Gradišče, št. 2. Katalog novcev, Cerkno – Gradišče, št. 1. Katalog novcev, Cerkno – Gradišče, št. 3–5. Figure 2. Gradišče in Cerkno. View towards the southwest (photo J. Hanc). Slika 2. Gradišče v Cerknem. Pogled proti jugozahodu (foto J. Hanc). Figure 3. Gradišče in Cerkno. View towards the northwest (photo J. Hanc). Slika 3. Gradišče v Cerknem. Pogled proti severozahodu (foto J. Hanc). 45 ščične osti s trnom (t. 4: 8–25), puščični osti z zalustima (t. 3: 17, 18) ter puščična ost z eno zalustjo in tulcem (t. 3: 19). Zanimivo je, da svinčenih želodov s tega najdišča po nam dosegljivih podatkih ni. Z najdišča izvirajo tudi žebljički, s katerimi so bili okovani podplati vojaških obuval (t. 2: 5–14) ter prstan (t. 2: 4), zaponka skupine Aucissa (t. 2: 1) in ibuli skupine Jezerine (t. 2: 2, 3). Edini zanesljivo mlajši antični predmet z Gradišča v Cerknem je dvodelna samostrelna bronasta zaponka z železno peresovino iz 6. stoletja (sl. 8).13 Figure 4. Gradišče in Cerkno. View towards the south of the rampart that blocks access to the summit plateau of Gradišče from the north (photo J. Istenič). Slika 4. Gradišče v Cerknem. Pogled proti jugu na nasip, ki na severu zapira dostop k vrhnji ravnici Gradišča (foto J. Istenič). Figure 5. Gradišče in Cerkno. View towards the (north-)east onto the rampart (C) that blocks access from the saddle (D) and across a ridge (B) to the summit plateau (A) of Gradišče (photo J. Istenič). Slika 5. Gradišče v Cerknem. Pogled proti (severo) vzhodu na nasip (C), ki na severu zapira dostop s sedla (D) čez greben (B) na vrhnjo ravnico (A) Gradišča (foto J. Istenič). 46 12–16), tri-bladed tanged arrowheads with barbs (pl. 4: 1–7), simple tanged bodkins with asymmetrical heads (pl. 4: 8–25), two-bladed socketed arrowheads (pl. 3: 17, 18) and a single-bladed socketed arrowhead (pl. 3: 19). Interestingly, according to the available information, no lead slingshot has been recovered. he site has also yielded hobnails that studded Roman military footwear (pl. 2: 5–14), a inger-ring (pl. 2: 4), an Aucissa brooch (pl. 2: 1) and two Jezerine brooches (pl. 2: 2, 3). he only object from Gradišče in Cerkno that can be reliably dated to a later period is a two-piece bronze brooch with a long iron spring from the 6th century (ig. 8).13 he individual from whom the National Museum obtained the greatest number of inds was able to recall relatively precise locations within the site. Plotting his information onto a map of the site and its surroundings (ig. 7) revealed that all but one of the tanged catapult-bolts were found on the south-western slope of Gradišče, on a 13 Ivanišević, Kazanski, Mastykova 2006, 18–20. Jože Golja obtained the brooch from a collector from Škoja Loka, who found it with a metal detector ‘on the top of Gradišče, above the steep slope’. The National Museum of Slovenia also keeps a knee brooch (Inv. No. R 26616), reportedly from Gradišče at Cerkno, although the latter information is unreliable because the brooch came to the museum as part of the collection of A. Bešter, who obtained it from another collector. Najditelj, od katerega je Narodni muzej Slovenije prejel največ najdb, si je za številne predmete razmeroma dobro zapomnil, kje v okviru najdišča jih je našel. Iz vnosa njegovih najdiščnih podatkov na načrt najdišča z okolico (sl. 7) izhaja, da je vse katapultne izstrelke s trni, razen enega, našel na jugozahodnem pobočju Gradišča, na grebenu, ki leži prečno na pobočje (sl. 6: f; 7: f), pri čemer je bila gostota izstrelkov v nižje ležeči polovici tega območja večja. Druga izrazita koncentracija izstrelkov je bila na severnem, zahodnem in južnem pobočju obrambnega nasipa, ki je s severa zapiral dostop na plato na vrhu Gradišča (sl. 4; 5: C; 7: e). Tam je našel vse katapultne konice s tulastimi nastavki, enostavne osti s trni in asimetričnimi konicami in puščični osti z dvema zalustima (t. 3: 12–18; t. 4: 8–25) ter vse trirobe puščične osti, razen ene (sl. 7: 3); verjetno od tam izvira tudi sponka skupine Aucissa. Okovne žebljičke obuval je našel na zahodnem pobočju blizu vrhnjega platoja (sl. 7: g). Iskalec z detektorjem kovin ni pregledal najdišča v celoti. Izogibal se je na primer južnemu pobočju in drugim območjem, kjer so bile do pred par desetletji njive. Zato se nam zdi pomenljiva predvsem koncentracija izstrelkov pod skrajnim severozahodnim delom Gradišča (sl. 4; 5: C; 7: e); potrjuje namreč, da je bil tam obrambni nasip, ki je varoval najlažji pristop na vrhnji plato. Za območje na jugozahodnem pobočju, od koder izvirajo katapultni izstrelki s trni (sl. 6: f; 7: f), velja, da njegov severni in južni rob ne kažeta dejanske razširjenosti teh izstrelkov, saj proti severu in jugu niso iskali najdb. Zanimivo se zdi, da je v nižje ležečem (zahodnem) delu koncentracija izstrelkov bistveno večja kot v višje ležečem (vzhodnem) delu. Domnevamo, da so bili rimski stroji za izstreljevanje izstrelkov nameščeni na izrazitem grebenu zahodno od Gradišča (sl. 6: h). Skoraj vse rimske vojaške najdbe s tega najdišča imajo odlične primerjave med predmeti z Gradu pri Reki in iz 13 Ivanišević, Kazanski, Mastykova 2006, 18–20. Jože Golja je to ibulo dobil od zbiralca iz Škoje Loke, ki jo je našel z detektorjem kovin »na vrhu Gradišča v Cerknem, nad strmim pobočjem«. Vprašanje je, ali je z Gradišča v Cerknem kolenčasta ibula (inv. št. R 26616). V Arheološki oddelek Narodnega muzeja Slovenije je prišla kot del zbirke A. Beštra, ki predmeta ni našel sam, ampak ga je dobil – skupaj s podatki o najdišču – od drugega zbiralca. ridge running down the slope (igs. 6: f; 7: f). he density of bolts was greater in the lower half of this area. he second concentration of projectiles was observed on the northern, western and southern slopes of the rampart that blocked access to the summit plateau of Gradišče from the north (igs. 4; 5: C; 7: e). It consisted of all the socketed catapult-bolts, simple tanged bodkins with asymmetrical heads, two-bladed barbed arrowheads (pl. 3: 12–18; pl. 4: 8–25) and all but one of the tri-bladed arrowheads (ig. 7: 3); the Aucissa brooch was probably also found there. he hobnails were found on the western slope (ig. 7: g). his amateur with the metal-detector did not survey the whole site: for example, he avoided the southern slope and other areas that had previously been cultivated. With that in mind, the concentration of projectiles below the most northwestern part of Gradišče seems particularly important (igs. 4; 5: C; 7: e) – it conirms that it was the location of the rampart that defended the easiest access to the summit plateau. With regard to the area on the south-western slope that yielded the tanged catapult-bolts (igs. 6: f; 7: f), I believe that its northern and southern edges do not relect the actual distribution of these bolts, because the amateur searchers did not seek inds further to the north and south. What is interesting is that the lower-lying (western) part revealed a far greater concentration of bolts than the higher-lying (eastern) part. his suggests that the Roman catapults were positioned on the pronounced ridge west of Gradišče (ig. 6: h). Almost all the Roman military inds from this site have close parallels at Grad near Reka,14 with the exception of the twobladed socketed arrowheads (pl. 3: 17, 18) and the singlebladed socketed arrowhead (pl. 3: 19) discussed below (cf. Discussion), as well as the brooch on pl. 2: 1. he latter has a cast bow and a knobbed foot typical of Aucissa brooches. However, the head gradually widens from the bow, which is rare in Aucissa brooches but typical of Alesia brooches15 and possibly indicative of a (typologically) early example of the Aucissa brooch. Brooches of a similar form with V-shaped decoration on the head were found at Gradišče on Čepna,16 in the sanctuary at Este17 and in France,18 although none are from a dated context. he brooch from Gradišče in Cerkno is not made of brass, as is usual for Aucissa brooches,19 but of gunmetal (an alloy of copper, tin and zinc). Aucissa brooches are well represented in the fortress at Dangstetten, dated between 20/15 and 9/7 BC.20 he ratio between the Aucissa brooches and their forerunners, the Ale- okolice.14 To ne velja le za puščični osti z zalustima (t. 3: 17, 18) ter puščično ost z eno zalustjo in tulcem (t. 3: 19), predstavljene v pogl. Diskusija in za ibulo t. 2: 1. Ulit lok in tečaj ter značilno oblikovana noga z gumbom jo uvrščajo v skupino Aucissa. Vendar ibula nima jasno izoblikovane glave, ampak se enakomerno razširi iz loka. To je pri ibulah skupine Aucissa redkost, značilno pa je za ibule skupine Alezija15 in bi lahko nakazovalo na (tipološko) zgodnji primerek ibule skupine Aucissa. Podobno oblikovane ibule, ki imajo tudi podoben V-okras na glavi, so bile najdene na Gradišču na Čepni,16 v svetišču v Estah17 in v Franciji18 – nobena ni bila najdena v okoliščinah, ki bi omogočale ožjo datacijo. Fibula z Gradišča v Cerknem ni narejena iz medenine, kar je za ibule skupine Aucissa običajno,19 temveč iz t. i. rdeče litine, tj. zlitine bakra s kositrom in cinkom. Fibule skupine Aucissa so močno zastopane v legijskem taboru Dangstetten, datiranem med 20/15 in 9/7 pr. Kr.20 Razmerje med ibulami skupine Aucissa in njihovimi predhodnicami, ibulami skupine Alezija na tem najdišču, je 101 : 12. Fibule skupine Aucissa so torej v vojaških kontekstih najkasneje v srednjeavgustejski dobi že močno prevladovale nad ibulami skupine Alezija.21 Pojav zgodnjih ibul skupine Aucissa v sredini 40-ih let 1. st. pr. Kr. se zato ne zdi nemogoč. Seveda pa ni izključeno, da gre pri ibuli t. 2: 1 za mlajši rimski predmet, ki ni povezan s spopadom v času ilirskih vojn, vendar bi bil tak predmet zaenkrat na Gradišču v Cerknem osamljen. 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cf. Istenič 2005a. Cf. Erice Lacabe 1995, Nos. 171, 177. Laharnar 2012, 163, pl. 13: 14. Meller 2002, pl. 45: 531. Feugère 1985, pl. 116: 1495. Istenič 2005b, 188. Roth-Rubi 2002; Roth-Rubi 2006, 103; Martin-Kilcher 2011, 44–45. Figure 6. Gradišče in Cerkno. View towards the southeast: on the slope to the let is a ridge that yielded tanged catapult-bolts (f), while the ridge to the right is presumably where the catapults were positioned (h) (photo J. Istenič). Slika 6. Gradišče v Cerknem. Pogled proti jugovzhodu: levo na pobočju Gradišča je viden greben, na katerem so našli katapultne konice s trni (f), desno pa greben, na katerem so bili verjetno nameščeni katapulti (h) (foto J. Istenič). 17 18 19 20 21 Prim. Istenič 2005a. Prim. Erice Lacabe 1995, št. 171, 177. Laharnar 2012, 163, t. 13: 14. Meller 2002, t. 45: 531. Feugère 1985, t. 116: 1495. Istenič 2005b, 204. Roth-Rubi 2002; Roth-Rubi 2006, 103; Martin-Kilcher 2011, 44–45. Istenič 2005b, 189, 190, op. 7 (k ibulam skupine Alezija, naštetim na navedenem mestu, je treba prišteti še ibulo Fingerlin 1986, 236: 2). 47 Figure 7. Plan of Gradišče in Cerkno. Marked on the plan are the prominent parts of the site mentioned in the text, the approximate location of the concentrations of inds and the locations of individual small inds (sources: basic topographic map 5000, digital elevation model 5 and ield measurements (rampart C, summit plateau A, two lower-lying terraces and locations of small inds); R. Klasinc). Slika 7. Načrt Gradišča v Cerknem. Označeni so značilni, v besedilu omenjeni deli najdišča, zgostitve (ali »območja zgostitev«) drobnih najdb ter znane lege posameznih najdb (viri: TTN 5000, DMV 5 in meritve na terenu (nasip C, ravnica A in dve nižje ležeči terasi, lege drobnih najdb); izdelava R. Klasinc). Legend / Legenda: A summit plateau of Gradišče / vrhnja ravnica Gradišča; B ridge in northern part of Gradišče / greben na severnem delu Gradišča; C rampart / obrambni nasip; D saddle / sedlo. Approximate indspots of objects / Približne lege najdišč predmetov: 1 coin, Catalogue of coins, Gradišče in Cerkno, No. 3 / novec, katalog novcev, Gradišče v Cerknem, št. 3; 2 hoard of Late Republican silver coins / zaklad poznorepublikanskih srebrnikov; 3 tri-lobed tanged arrowhead / triroba puščična ost; 4 triangular pendant pl. 1: 3 / trikotni obesek t. 1: 3; 5 Jezerine group brooch pl. 2: 2 / ibula skupine Jezerine t. 2: 2; 6 basket-shaped pendant pl. 1: 5 / košarasti obesek t. 1: 5; 7 triangular hollow pendant pl. 1: 2 or 4 / trikotni votli obesek t. 1: 2 ali 4; 8 iron hoe pl. 1: 7 / železna kopača t. 1: 7; 9 coin, Catalogue of coins, Gradišče in Cerkno, No. 1 / novec, katalog novcev, Gradišče v Cerknem, št. 1; 10 brooch with an animal head pl. 1: 6 / ibula z živalsko glavo t. 1: 6; 11 spearhead pl. 1: 1 / sulična ost t. 1: 1; 12 Jezerine group brooch pl. 2: 3 / ibula skupine Jezerine t. 2: 3; e area that revealed socketed catapultbolts, simple tanged bodkins with asymmetrical heads, two-bladed arrowheads and all but one tri-bladed tanged arrowhead (cf. pls. 3: 12–18; 4: 1–25; 5: 27, 28) / območje, kjer so bile najdene katapultne konice s tulastimi nastavki, enostavne osti s trni in asimetričnimi konicami, puščični osti z dvema zalustima in vse trirobe puščične osti, razen ene (prim. t. 3: 12–18; 4: 1–25; 5: 27, 28); f area that revealed tanged catapultbolts (high, low concentration; cf. pls. 2: 15–32; 3: 1–11) / območje, kjer so bili najdeni katapultni izstrelki s trni (gostejši, redkejši; cf. t. 2: 15–32; 3: 1–11); g area that revealed eight hobnails (cf. pl. 2: 5–14) / območje, kjer so našli osem okovnih žebljičkov obuval (prim. t. 2: 5–14). sia brooches, at Dangstetten is 101 : 12. his suggests that, by the Middle Augustan period at the latest, Aucissa brooches greatly outnumbered Alesia brooches in military contexts.21 he appearance of early Aucissa brooches in the mid-40s of the 1st century BC thus does not seem impossible. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that the brooch represents a Roman object of a later date and is thus not related to the conlict during the Illyrian wars, although it would be the only such a ind at Gradišče in Cerkno to date. he site also revealed two Jezerine brooches (Subgroup Demetz IIa): a brass one, repaired in Antiquity (pl. 2: 3), and a bronze one (pl. 2: 2). Jezerine brooches probably began to be produced sometime between the mid-1st century and 30 BC.22 Brooches of the small Jezerine I subgroup (with either a plain bow or a bow bearing speciic relief Tam sta bili najdeni tudi dve ibuli skupine Jezerine (različice Demetz IIa): medeninasta, ki so jo v antični dobi popravili (t. 2: 3), in bronasta (t. 2: 2). Fibule te skupine so začeli izdelovati verjetno med sredino 1. st. pr. Kr. in pred letom 30 pr. Kr.22 Primerke maloštevilčne podskupine Jezerine I (z gladkim lokom ali z lokom, ki ima poseben reliefni okras), za katero domnevamo, da je starejša od podskupine II, so izdelovali verjetno v severni Italiji. Temu v prid govorijo predvsem njihova razširjenost in razultati raziskav zlitin, ki so pokazali, da sta edini analizirani ibuli tega tipa iz čiste medenine, ki so jo v tistem času v Evropi znali izdelovati le Rimljani.23 Fibule Jezerine II, ki so lahko iz čiste medenine, brona ali zlitine bakra, kositra in cinka24 ter jih je ohranjenih občutno več, pa so razen v Italiji izdelovali v Galiji Narbonensis in zelo verjetno marsikje drugje.25 22 21 48 22 Istenič 2005b, 189, 190, note 7 (the list of Alesia brooches should also include the brooch published in Fingerlin 1986, 236: 2). Demetz 1999, 104–105; Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, 145. 23 24 25 Demetz 1999, 104–105; Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, 145. Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, 145. Istenič, Šmit 2007, 145; Drnić 2013. Adam, Feugère 1982, 142–144, sl. 8; Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, 145. decoration), presumed to be earlier than Subgroup II, were probably made in northern Italy. his is suggested primarily by their distribution and the results of metal analysis; the two analysed brooches were of pure brass, which at that time in Europe only the Romans were able to produce.23 he Jezerine II brooches, made either of pure brass, bronze or gunmetal24 and considerably more numerous, were made in Italy, but also in Gallia Narbonensis and very likely in many other regions as well.25 If we accept the date of the inds from Gradišče in Cerkno as the time of the Illyrian wars (35–33 BC), the two Jezerine II brooches from the site rank among the earliest examples. Presumably they were Roman products related to the presence of Roman soldiers at the site. he brooch on pl. 2: 3 would conirm this assumption, as it is made of brass. Fibuli z Gradišča v Cerknem sodita, če sprejmemo njuno datiranje v čas ilirskih vojn, med najstarejše primerke, zato se zdi verjetno, da sta rimska izdelka in da sta na najdišču povezana z rimskimi vojaki. V primeru ibule t. 2: 3 na to jasno kaže tudi dejstvo, da je iz medenine. In attempting to date the Roman inds from Gradišče in Cerkno, it is important to note that they do not include objects reliably datable to a time after the end of the 1st century BC.26 It thus seems reasonable to presume that all Roman military inds from the site are related to the Roman assault from the time of Octavian’s Illyrian wars. Za datiranje rimskih najdb z Gradišča v Cerknem je pomembno, da med njimi ni predmetov, ki bi jih lahko zanesljivo datirali po koncu 1. stoletja pr. Kr.26 Zato se zdi verjetno, da so vsi predmeti, povezani z rimsko vojsko, ostanki rimskega napada iz časa Oktavijanovih ilirskih vojn. Vrh gradu near Pečine Vrh gradu pri Pečinah he site of Vrh gradu is located near the village of Pečine on the south-western fringes of the plateau of Šentviška planota. It is a naturally well-protected and ridge-like rock promontory overlooking the valley of the River Idrijca and the ravine of its tributary, the Kostanjevica torrent (ig. 9). he ridge runs from the north-west to the south-east. It features man-made terraces and on its eastern side a rampart which defended the only relatively easy access to the site.27 Najdišče Vrh gradu pri vasi Pečine leži na jugozahodnem robu Šentviške planote. Obsega dobro naravno zavarovan, v smeri severozahod–jugovzhod ležeč skalni grebenast pomol nad dolino reke Idrijce in grapo njenega pritoka, hudourniškega potoka Kostanjevica (sl. 9). Na grebenu so vidne umetno narejene terase in na vzhodni strani, kjer je edini neizpostavljeni dostop na greben, obrambni nasip.27 he site has not been archaeologically excavated, but has yielded numerous metal objects collected by amateurs using a metal detector. hese inds are kept in the National Museum of Slovenia and the Tolmin Museum. he earliest ind is from the Late Bronze Age, but more numerous are inds from the Late Hallstatt period (the feet of three Certosa brooches, half of a hollow globular pendant, a hollow trapezoid pendant, part of a bronze clatter sceptre28) and the Middle-Late La Tène period. he latter include a silver votive plaque with a Venetic inscription (pl. 5: 2),29 a penan23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, 145. Istenič, Šmit 2007, 145; Drnić 2013. Adam, Feugère 1982, 142–144, ig. 8; Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, 145. The knee brooch kept in the National Museum of Slovenia under Inv. No. R 26616 cannot reliably be attributed to this site – cf. note 13. Laharnar, Mlinar 2011, 24; Laharnar, Mlinar 2014, 10. Laharnar, Mlinar 2011; Božič 1999, 75, 77, ig. 5: 1–2; unpublished inds kept in the National Museum of Slovenia and the Tolmin Museum. Božič 2011, 256–258, ig. 6.17: 2; Mlinar, Crevatin 2012; Laharnar, Mlinar 2014, 10–12, ig. 2. Figure 8. Brooch with a long spring and a reverted foot from Gradišče in Cerkno. XRF analyses have shown most of it to be cast of brass, while the spring axis and the remains of the coils are of iron, and the decorative coils on the spring of copper. Scale = 1 : 1 (drawing I. Murgelj). Slika 8. Samostrelna ibula z nazaj zavito nogo z Gradišča v Cerknem. XRF analize so pokazale, da je ulita iz medenine, os peresovine in ostanki navojev peresovine so železni, okrasni navoji na peresovini pa so bakreni. M = 1 : 1 (risba I. Murgelj). Arheoloških izkopavanj na najdišču ni bilo, vendar z njega izvirajo številni kovinski predmeti, ki so jih tam izkopali iskalci z detektorji kovin. Hranita jih Narodni muzej Slovenije in Tolminski muzej. Najstarejši predmet je iz pozne bronaste dobe, številnejše pa so najdbe iz mlajšega dela starejše železne dobe (noge treh certoških ibul, polovica votlega kroglastega obeska, votel trapezasti obesek, del bronaste kultne palice28) in iz srednje-poznolatenske dobe: srebrna daritvena ploščica z napisom v venetski pisavi (t. 5: 2),29 obročasta ibula vrste Posočje (t. 5: 5),30 ibula vrste Idrija pri Bači (t. 5: 4),31 železna ibula srednjelatenske sheme z bronastim okrasom na loku (t. 5: 3)32 in odlomek no26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Za kolenčasto ibulo (Narodni muzej Slovenije, inv. št. R 26616) je vprašanje, ali je res s tega najdišča – prim. op. 13. Laharnar, Mlinar 2011, 24; Laharnar, Mlinar 2014, 10. Laharnar, Mlinar 2011; Božič 1999, 75, 77, sl. 5: 1–2; neobjavljeni predmeti v Narodnem muzeju Slovenije in Tolminskem muzeju. Božič 2011, 256–258, sl. 6.17: 2; Mlinar, Crevatin 2012; Laharnar, Mlinar 2014, 10–12, sl. 2. Božič 1999, 75, sl. 5: 3; Guštin 1991, 40. Božič 2011, 253–255. Fibula enake vrste je bila najdena na Berlotovem robu, bronasti okras loka take ibule pa na Ulaki; najdiščne okoliščine 49 Figure 9. Vrh gradu near Pečine. View towards the southwest (photo J. Hanc). Slika 9. Vrh gradu pri Pečinah. Pogled proti jugozahodu (foto J. Hanc). nular brooch of the Posočje type (pl. 5: 5),30 a brooch of the Idrija pri Bači type (pl. 5: 4),31 an iron brooch of the Middle La Tène scheme with bronze decoration on the bow (pl. 5: 3)32 and fragments of a sword scabbard (pl. 5: 1).33 Most inds suggest that ritual oferings took place at the site in the Late Hallstatt and (Middle to) Late La Tène periods.34 Roman inds predominate. he Early Roman objects consist mostly of weapons: lead slingshot (pls. 6; 7: 1–9) and iron projectiles – a couple of two-bladed arrowheads (pl. 5: 22, 23) and two single-bladed tanged arrowheads (pl. 5: 24, 25). he Early Roman military equipment comprises a pickaxe (pl. 7: 10), a tent peg (pl. 7: 11) and tongs (pl. 7: 12), but also hobnails (pl. 5: 9–21), a belt buckle (pl. 5: 8), a brass Jezerine type brooch (pl. 5: 6) and possibly a brooch of the Gorica type (pl. 5: 7). Later Roman inds suggest that the site was also in use from the 1st to the 3rd centuries AD.35 he site has yielded many Late Roman objects. Most are weapons (javelin heads, tri-bladed tanged arrowheads, simple bodkins) and items of military or oicials’ attire (an iron two-piece brooch with a reverted foot, an iron bow 30 31 32 33 34 50 35 Božič 1999, 75, ig. 5: 3; Guštin 1991, 40. Božič 2011, 253–255. A ibula of the same type was found at Berlotov rob, while the bronze decoration of the bow of such a ibula came to light at Ulaka; the circumstances of the ind do not allow us to date the ibulae more precisely (Laharnar 2012, 145, 146). Cf. Gaspari 2009, Cat. Nos. 30a, c. Božič 2011, 265; Mlinar, Crevatin 2012; Laharnar, Mlinar 2014, 10. Cf. Božič 1999, ig. 5: 13, ig. 6. žnice meča (t. 5: 1).33 Večina omenjenih najdb nakazuje, da je bil na Vrh gradu v pozni halštatski in v (srednje-)pozno latenski dobi daritveni prostor (svetišče).34 Močno prevladujejo rimski predmeti. Med zgodnjerimskim je največ orožja: svinčeni želodi (t. 6; 7: 1–9) in železni izstrelki – dve dvokrilni puščični osti s tulcem (t. 5: 22, 23) ter dve asimetrični puščični osti s trnom in eno zalustjo (t. 5: 24, 25). K zgodnjerimski vojaški opremi sodita sekira/kopača (t. 7: 10) in šotorski klin (t. 7: 11) ter verjetno klešče (t. 7: 12), k noši pa poleg okovnih žebljičkov obuval (t. 5: 9–21) še pasna spona (t. 5: 8), ibula skupine Jezerine iz medenine (t. 5: 6) in morda ibula vrste Gorica (t. 5: 7). Mlajši rimski predmeti nakazujejo uporabo najdišča v 1.–3. st.35 Močno so zastopani poznorimski predmeti. Med njimi je največ orožja (osti kopij in trokrilne puščične osti s trnom ter enostavne osti s tulastim nastavkom) in delov vojaške oz. uradniške noše (železna dvodelna ibula z nazaj zavito nogo, železna ločna ibula s tulastim tečajem, gumb čebuličaste ibule, jermenski zaključek v obliki amfore, majhna nepravilno ovalna spona). Iz poznoantične dobe so še železna samostrelna ibula z navzgor zavitim zaključkom noge in tri miniaturna rala.36 33 34 35 36 ne omogočajo datiranja teh ibul (Laharnar 2012, 145, 146). Prim. Gaspari 2009, kat. št. 30a, c. Božič 2011, 265; Mlinar, Crevatin 2012; Laharnar, Mlinar 2014, 10. Prim. Božič 1999, sl. 5: 13, sl. 6. Neobjavljene najdbe iz Narodnega muzeja Slovenije in Tolminskega muzeja. brooch, a fragment of a crossbow brooch, an amphorashaped strap-end, a small buckle). Late Antiquity is represented by an iron brooch with a long spring and an upturned foot terminal, as well as three miniature ploughs.36 he site has revealed 14 coins, which ofer a similar picture as the other inds. Six coins date from the Late Republican period: four asses, the latest minted in 148 BC,37 and two well-preserved denarii minted in 45 and 36 BC respectively.38 hree coins were minted in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD (the earliest in AD 72),39 while ive date to the Late Roman period, all of Honorius, minted between 408 and 423.40 To sum up, the site predominantly revealed Early and Late Roman inds of a military character. he Late Roman inds will be discussed as part of a comprehensive publication of the site,41 while the Early Roman ones are presented below. he hobnails have close parallels at Grad near Reka42 and Gradišče in Cerkno (pl. 2: 5–14), while the lead slingshot has good matches at Grad near Reka and its environs.43 he two-bladed socketed arrowheads have parallels at Gradišče in Cerkno (pl. 3: 17–18) and the single-bladed tanged arrowheads at Grad near Reka.44 A comparison of these inds from Vrh gradu near Pečine with those from Grad near Reka and Gradišče in Cerkno suggest that they can be interpreted as traces of Roman military activity during Octavian’s Illyrian wars, which is corroborated by the numismatic evidence from Vrh gradu. Interestingly, Vrh gradu thus far lacks a number of projectile types recovered at both Grad near Reka and Gradišče in Cerkno: tri-bladed tanged arrowheads (pl. 4: 1–7; Istenič 2005a, ig. 3: 1–16), tanged catapult-bolts (pl. 3: 1–11; Istenič 2005a, ig. 4: 6–10), socketed catapult-bolts (pl. 3: 12–16; Istenič 2005a, ig. 4: 1–5) and simple bodkins with asymmetrical heads (pl. 4: 8–25; Istenič 2005a, ig. 3: 22–27). he tent peg (pl. 7: 11) is of a form in use from the Late Republican period to the 1st century AD.45 A close parallel for the dolabra (pl. 7: 10) with a triangularly widened middle part could not be found; the closest come from the Late Republican camp at Peña Redonda near Numantia46 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Unpublished inds kept in the National Museum of Slovenia and the Tolmin Museum. Catalogue of coins, Pečine – Vrh gradu, Nos. 2–5. Catalogue of coins, Pečine – Vrh gradu, Nos. 1, 6. Catalogue of coins, Pečine – Vrh gradu, Nos. 7–9. Catalogue of coins, Pečine – Vrh gradu, Nos. 10–14. Istenič, Laharnar, Mlinar, in preparation. Istenič 2005a, ig. 5: 5–13. Istenič 2005a, ig. 4: 11–20. Istenič 2005a, ig. 3: 17–21. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 69–70, ig. 35: 7–8; Grote 2005, 60, ig. 83; Harnecker 1997, 19–20, pl. 36: 414, pl. 37: 418, 425, 431, 432; Harnecker, Mylo 2011, pl. 9: 2196, 2198; Rageth 2004, ig. 2: 7–9; Rageth 2011, ig. 4: 3–4. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 69–70, ig. 35: 1. Z najdišča je znanih 14 novcev, ki kažejo podobno sliko kot druge najdbe. Šest je poznorepublikanskih: štirje asi, med katerimi je bil najmlajši skovan 148 pr. Kr.,37 in dva dobro ohranjena denarija, skovana 45 oz. 36 pr. Kr.38 Iz prvega in drugega stoletja so trije novci (najstarejši iz leta 72),39 pet pa je poznorimskih – vsi so Honorijevi, skovani med letoma 408 in 423.40 Na najdišču so torej močno zastopane najdbe iz zgodnje in pozne rimske dobe, ki v obeh primerih kažejo na navzočnost rimske vojske. Poznorimske najdbe bomo obravnavali v okviru celostne objave najdišča,41 zgodnjerimske pa v nadaljevanju. Okovni žebljički imajo najbližje in odlične primerjave med najdbami z Gradu pri Reki42 in Gradišča v Cerknem (t. 2: 5–14), svinčeni želodi pa na Gradu pri Reki.43 Dvokrilni puščični osti s tulcem imata analogije na Gradišču v Cerknem (t. 3: 17–18), asimetrični osti s trnom in eno zalustjo pa na Gradu pri Reki.44 Primerjava teh predmetov z najdbami z Gradišča v Cerknem in z Gradu pri Reki z okolico nakazuje, da gre za sledove delovanja rimske vojske v času Oktavijanovih ilirskih vojn. Za to govorijo tudi novčne najdbe z Vrh gradu pri Pečinah. Zanimivo je, da doslej na Vrh gradu niso bili najdeni številni tipi izstrelkov, zastopani na Gradu pri Reki in Gradišču v Cerknem: trikrilne puščične konice (t. 4: 1–7; Istenič 2005a, sl. 3: 1–16), katapultne konice s trnom (t. 3: 1–11; Istenič 2005a, sl. 4: 6–10), katapultne konice s tulcem (t. 3: 12–16; Istenič 2005a, sl. 4: 1–5) ter asimetrične puščične osti s trnom (t. 4: 8–25; Istenič 2005a, sl. 3: 22–27). Šotorski klin t. 7: 11 pripada obliki, ki je bila v uporabi od pozne republike do vključno 1. stoletja.45 Dolabri (sekira/ teslo) t. 7: 10 z nakazano trikotno razširitvijo osrednjega dela nismo našli dobrih primerjav; še najbolj sta ji podobni sekira/koničast kramp iz poznorepublikanskega tabora Peña Redonda pri Numantiji46 in sekira/teslo z območja Crap Ses (Švica, kanton Graubünden).47 Podobne kovaške klešče kot t. 7: 12, so med najdbami iz poznoavgustejskega legijskega tabora v Halternu.48 K vojaški opremi sodi tudi pasna ali jermenska spona t. 5: 8, ki ima predavgustejske 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Katalog novcev, Pečine – Vrh gradu, št. 2–5. Katalog novcev, Pečine – Vrh gradu, št. 1, 6. Katalog novcev, Pečine – Vrh gradu, št. 7–9. Katalog novcev, Pečine – Vrh gradu, št. 10–14. Istenič, Laharnar, Mlinar, v pripravi. Istenič 2005a, sl. 5: 5–13. Istenič 2005a, sl. 4: 11–20. Istenič 2005a, sl. 3: 17–21. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 69–70, sl. 35: 7–8; Grote 2005, 60, sl. 83; Harnecker 1997, 19–20, t. 36: 414, t. 37: 418, 425, 431, 432; Harnecker, Mylo 2011, t. 9: 2196, 2198; Rageth 2004, sl. 2: 7–9; Rageth 2011, sl. 4: 3–4. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 69–70, sl. 35: 1. Rageth 2004, sl. 4: 13; Rageth 2011, sl. 2: 1. Harnecker 1997, 11, t. 20: 208. 51 and from the Crap Ses area (Switzerland, Graubünden canton).47 Similar blacksmith tongs to those on pl. 7: 12 were found in the Late Augustan fortress at Haltern.48 Also forming part of the military equipment is the belt or strap buckle (pl. 5: 8) with pre-Augustan and later parallels.49 he cited parallels and the absence of Early Principate objects of a military character suggest that these objects are contemporaneous with other Roman military inds from the time of the Illyrian wars on the site. he same could be said of the brass brooch of the Jezerine IIb subgroup (pl. 5: 6; cf. chapter on Gradišče in Cerkno) and the iron brooch of the Gorica I subgroup (pl. 5: 7).50 Discussion Grad near Reka, Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine are poorly accessible and naturally well-protected locations. Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine are additionally fortiied by a rampart in places where access would be easier, while at Grad near Reka this was not necessary because of the natural protection it enjoys. heir summit plateaus are long and narrow and unsuitable for habitation, which leads us to see them as sites dedicated to the cult practices of the pre-Roman population that lived in as yet unknown settlements in the vicinity. Small inds corroborate such an interpretation for Vrh gradu near Pečine.51 hese sites were probably of great importance for the identity of the pre-Roman population and were also well-protected against attackers and thus perhaps became (the central and possibly last) points defended by the locals. An important element for dating the military conlicts at these sites is numismatic evidence. he latest coins from the 1st century BC are a well-preserved denarius minted in 47/46 BC from Gradišče in Cerkno,52 a well-preserved denarius minted in 36 BC from Vrh gradu near Pečine53 and an excellently preserved denarius minted in 56 BC from Grad near Reka.54 After these there is a gap until the coins of Vespasian.55 Another important element in dating the three Posočje sites (Gradišče in Cerkno, Vrh gradu near Pečine and Grad near Reka) is the site at Andagoste in northern Spain, which boasts a strategic location between the Bay of Biscay and the valley of the River Ebro. Traces of conlict between the Romans and the local population were 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 52 55 Rageth 2004, ig. 4: 13; Rageth 2011, ig. 2: 1. Harnecker 1997, 11, pl. 20: 208. Poux 2008, 373–374, ig. 51; Müller 2002, 56, pl. 66; Harnekker, Mylo 2011, 6, pl. 9: 6164–2169. Demetz 1999, 106–109. Laharnar, Mlinar 2011; Mlinar, Crevatin 2012, 291. FMRSl I 2/2-9; cf. note 8. FMRSl IV 7-2; cf. Catalogue of coins, Vrh gradu near Pečine, No. 6. FMRSl III 4-1; cf. Catalogue of coins, Grad near Reka, No. 2. Cf. Catalogue of coins. in mlajše primerjave.49 Sočasnost teh predmetov z rimskimi vojaškimi najdbami iz časa ilirskih vojn se zdi glede na navedene primerjave in zaradi odsotnosti zgodnjecesarskih predmetov vojaškega značaja na najdišču verjetna. Enako velja za medeninasto ibulo podskupine Jezerine IIb (t. 5: 6; prim pogl. Gradišče v Cerknem) in za železno ibulo podskupine Gorica I (t. 5: 7).50 Diskusija Vsa tri najdišča ležijo na težko dostopnih in naravno dobro zavarovanih legah, ki so – razen na Gradu pri Reki, kjer to zaradi naravno zavarovanega dostopa ni bilo potrebno – na mestu, kjer bi bil sicer dostop najlažji, dodatno utrjena z obrambnim nasipom. Njihovi vrhnji platoji so ozki in dolgi ter se ne zdijo primerni za naselbino, zato domnevamo, da so bili namenjeni kultnim obredom predrimskih prebivalcev, ki so živeli v – zaenkrat še neugotovljenih – naseljih v bližini. Za Vrh gradu pri Pečinah tudi drobne najdbe kažejo, da gre za predrimsko kultno mesto.51 Domnevamo, da so bila ta najdišča pomembna za identiteto predrimskih prebivalcev, obenem pa so bila razmeroma dobro zavarovana pred napadalci, zato so bila (osrednje in morda tudi zadnje) točke, ki so jih domačini branili. Pomemben element za datacijo obravnavanih prizorišč vojaških spopadov so tam najdeni novci. Najmlajši novci iz 1. stoletja pr. Kr. so namreč dobro ohranjen denarij, skovan 47/46 pr. Kr., z Gradišča v Cerknem,52 dobro ohranjen denarij, skovan 36 pr. Kr. z Vrh gradu pri Pečinah,53 in zelo dobro ohranjen denarij, skovan 56 pr. Kr. z Gradu pri Reki;54 naslednji mlajši denar s teh najdišč je šele Vespazijanov.55 Za datacijo obravnavanih najdišč je bistveno najdišče Andagoste v severni Španiji, ki ima strateško lego na prehodu sever–jug med biskajsko obalo in dolino reke Ebro. Med letoma 1998 in 2003 so tam raziskovali ostanke spopada med Rimljani in domačini ter odkrili številne drobne najdbe, ki jih lahko povežejo z rimsko vojsko. Glede na denar s tega najdišča je spopad datiran v konec 5. ali v 4. desetletje pr. Kr.56 Med najdbami iz Andagoste ima pet tipov rimskega orožja in vojaške opreme z obravnavanih najdišč odlične analogije. To so okovni žebljički vojaških čevljev (našli so 681 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Poux 2008, 373–374, sl. 51; Müller 2002, 56, t. 66; Harnecker, Mylo 2011, 6, t. 9: 6164–2169. Demetz 1999, 106–109. Laharnar, Mlinar 2011; Mlinar, Crevatin 2012, 291. FMRSl I 2/2-9; prim. op. 8. FMRSl IV 7-2; prim. katalog novcev, Vrh gradu pri Pečinah, št. 6. FMRSl III 4-1; prim. katalog novcev, Grad pri Reki, št. 2. Prim. katalog novcev. Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002; Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2006; Ocháran Larrondo 2006. investigated there between 1998 and 2003 and comprise numerous small inds relating to the Roman army. Based on the numismatic evidence, the conlict was dated to the end of the ifth or the fourth decade BC.56 he inds from Andagoste include ive types of Roman weapons and military equipment with excellent parallels at the three Posočje sites. hese inds are hobnails of military footwear (681 pieces found), tanged catapultbolts with a pyramidal head, socketed catapult-bolts with a pyramidal head, lead slingshot (114 pieces found) and Alesia type brooches (four pieces mentioned).57 here are also tri-bladed arrowheads, of which only one has been published, complete with a drawing although without information as to its state of preservation,58 making it of lesser value for comparison. he tanged catapult-bolts, the hobnails with an embossed cross and four dots on the underside, the lead slingshot and the Alesia type brooches also have close matches at the Septimer Pass, where a Roman military camp (2311 m a.s.l.) was located, and at sites in the Crap Ses Gorge (Switzerland, Graubünden canton).59 he pass and the gorge lie along an important route leading from Italy (from the colony at Como) across the Alps (the Septimer Pass) to Chur, across the area of Lakes Wallensee and Zürichersee (Switzerland) to the upper reaches of the Rhine, where a fortress at Dangstetten was established around 20 BC.60 Jürg Rageth and Werner Zanier, who investigated the sites at the Septimer Pass and in the Crap Ses Gorge, dated them to the time of the military campaigns of Tiberius and Drusus in 15 BC, when the Romans were conquering the central Alps and as far as the upper reaches of the Danube.61 heir dating, however, was not based on archaeological evidence, but rather on ancient written sources. By contrast, Stefanie Martin-Kilcher62 argues – in my opinion convincingly – that the Roman conquest of the Alpine passes was a gradual endeavour, lasting roughly from 40 to 7/6 BC, when a inal victory over the Alpine tribes was celebrated with the erection of the Tropaeum Alpium at La Tourbie above Monaco. he Roman conquest of the 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002; Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2006; Ocháran Larrondo 2006. Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002, ig. 2: 1–7, 10–12; Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2006, 475–476, 483– 484, ig. 121: 1–4, 6, 7–8, 10–12. For the Alesia type brooches from Grad near Reka see Istenič 2005b, pl. 1: 1, 8, 11. Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002, ig. 2: 6. Rageth 2004, igs. 1, 3, ig. 4: 5, 8–11; Rageth 2005, ig. 2: 4–6, 9–14, 16; ig. 3: 2–14; Rageth 2011, ig. 1: 1–13, 15–22, 24); Rageth 2009; Zanier 2009a; Zanier 2009c, 93–94. Zanier 2006, 26–31, app. 1; Zanier 2009a. Rageth 2004; Rageth 2005; Rageth 2009; Rageth 2011; Zanier 2009a: presumes that the camp at the Septimer Pass was established in 16 BC and controlled the traic across the pass for the following 30 years. Martin-Kilcher 2011. primerkov), katapultne konice s piramidalno konico in trnastim nastavkom, katapultne konice s piramidalno konico in tulastim nastavkom, svinčeni želodi (114 primerkov) in ibule skupine Alezija (omenjajo štiri primerke).57 Tu so bile najdene tudi trikrilne puščične konice, vendar je z risbo objavljena le ena. Ker ni jasno, kako dobro je ohranjena,58 jo je težko primerjati s puščičnimi konicami z obravnavanih najdišč. Katapultne konice s trnastim nastavkom, okovni žebljički s križem in štirimi bunčicami na spodnji strani, svinčeni želodi in sponke skupine Alezija imajo dobre analogije tudi med najdbami z najdišč na območju prelaza Septimer, kjer je bil rimski vojaški tabor (2311 m nm. v.) in tesni Crap Ses (Švica, kanton Graubünden).59 Prelaz in tesen ležita ob pomembni poti iz Italije (izhodišče je bila kolonija v Comu) čez Alpe (prelaz Septimer) v Chur, čez območje ob jezeru Wallensee in Zürichersee (v Švici) do zgornjega Rena, kjer je bil okoli 20 pr. Kr. zgrajen legijski tabor v Dangstettnu.60 Jürg Rageth in Werner Zanier, ki sta ta najdišča raziskovala, sta jih datirala v čas Tiberijevega in Druzovega vojaškega pohoda čez osrednje Alpe leta 15 pr. Kr., ko so Rimljani osvojili območje do zgornjega toka Donave.61 Vendar pri tem nista izhajala iz primerjalne analize drobnih najdb, ampak iz povezave s pisnimi viri. Nasprotno je Stefanie Martin-Kilcher62 po našem mnenju prepričljivo pokazala, da so Rimljani alpske prelaze osvajali počasi, med okrog 40 in 7/6 pr. Kr., ko so dokončno zmago nad alpskimi ljudstvi proslavili s postavitvijo Tropaeum Alpium v kraju La Tourbie nad Monakom. Rimsko osvajanje Alp je bilo sestavljeno iz številnih vojaških pohodov iz Italije na sever. Nasprotniki Rimljanov so bile majhne skupnosti (gentes Alpinae), ki so nadzorovale posamezne alpske prelaze. Vojaški pohod leta 15 pr. Kr. je v virih najbolj v ospredju, ker je bil deležen največje propagande. Glavna najdišča, ki izpričujejo rimsko vojaško osvajanje Alp pred letom 15 pr. Kr., so poleg prelaza Septimer in tesni Crap Ses še stolpi ob Wallenseeju.63 Vendar je treba opozoriti, da se je Martin-Kilcherjeva pri datiranju najdb z območja prelaza Septimer in tesni Crap 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002, sl. 2: 1–7, 10–12; Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2006, 475–476, 483– 484, sl. 121: 1–4, 6, 7–8, 10–12. Za ibule skupine Alezija z Gradu pri Reki glej Istenič 2005b, t. 1: 1, 8, 11. Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002, sl. 2: 6. Rageth 2004, sl. 1, 3, sl. 4: 5, 8–11; Rageth 2005, sl. 2: 4–6, 9–14, 16; sl. 3: 2–14; Rageth 2011, sl. 1: 1–13, 15–22, 24); Rageth 2009; Zanier 2009a; Zanier 2009c, 93–94. Zanier 2006, 26–31, priloga 1; Zanier 2009a. Rageth 2004; Rageth 2005; Rageth 2009; Rageth 2011; Zanier 2009a: domneva, da so tabor na prelazu Septimer postavili leta 16 pr. Kr. in da je 30 let nadzoroval promet čez prelaz. Martin-Kilcher 2011. Martin-Kilcher 2011; podrobno o stolpih ob Wallenseeju in njihovi geografski legi: Zanier 2006, 102–119. 53 Alps was achieved through a series of military campaigns starting in Italy and moving northwards. he Romans’ opponents were the small communities (gentes Alpinae) who controlled the Alpine passes. he military campaign in 15 BC features most often in ancient literary sources, because it was the subject of greatest propaganda eforts. he main sites ofering evidence of the Roman conquest of the Alps prior to 15 BC are the Septimer Pass, the Crap Ses Gorge and the watchtowers at Lake Wallensee.63 It should be noted that to a considerable extent MartinKilcher bases her dating of the camp at the Septimer Pass and the sites in the Crap Ses Gorge64 on a comparison with the inds from Grad near Reka and their dating at the time of Octavian’s Illyrians wars.65 In the case of Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine, citing the Swiss parallels and their date as put forward by Martin Kilcher would thus represent a circular argument. he Roman military activities along the route from Italy across the Septimer Pass and the Crap Ses Gorge began in the fourth decade BC and most probably continued at a later time, possibly in 15 BC.66 As for the watchtowers at Lake Wallensee, they yielded inds that include tri-bladed tanged arrowheads of the Zanier Ia type67 such as were also found at Grad near Reka68 and Gradišče in Cerkno (pl. 4: 1–7), and tanged pila with single-barbs, similar to the ones from Grad near Reka69 (ig. 10). Martin-Kilcher presumes that the watchtowers were constructed around 30 BC and abandoned soon after the military campaign across the Alps in 16/15 BC.70 She also suggests that part of the weapons from Döttenbichl near Oberammergau, a site of ritual character (Brandopferplatz) located in the vicinity of the main route from northern Italy across the Reschen Pass towards the upper reaches of the Danube, dates to the pre- or Early Augustan period.71 Werner Zanier connects this site to the Roman campaign across the Alps in 15 BC.72 he sites of the military conlicts from western Slovenia and Döttenbichl have in common tri-bladed arrowheads of the Zanier Ia type, socketed catapult-bolts and hobnails with a characteristic pattern of a cross and four dots on the underside;73 the latter clearly show that part of the Roman 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 54 Martin-Kilcher 2011; for more details on the watchtowers at Lake Wallensee and their geographic locations see: Zanier 2006, 102–119. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 41–43. Istenič 2005a. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 45–50. Zanier 1988. Istenič 2005a, ig. 3: 1–16. Istenič 2005a, ig. 3: 28–29. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 45–50, ig. 20aa. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 50–52. Zanier 2009b; Zanier 2009c, 91–92. Zanier 2009b, 270–272, 276, 277, Cat. Nos. 3.7.9–3.7.11; Zanier 2009c, 91, ig. 3: 1–6; Zanier 1997, ig. 1.24: 2, 6–8. The published inds from Döttenbichl include a socketed arrowhead with a single barb (Zanier 2006, ig. 1.24: 4) that is similar to Ses64 močno oprla prav na gradivo z Gradu pri Reki in neposredne okolice ter na našo datacijo teh najdb v čas Oktavijanovih ilirskih vojn.65 V zvezi z najdišči iz zahodne Slovenije bi torej sklicevanje na najdbe z območja prelaza Septimer in tesni Crap Ses ter njihovo datacijo v 4. desetletje pr. Kr. pomenilo »sklepanje v krogu«. Rimske vojaške akcije ob poti iz Italije čez prelaz Septimer in tesen Crap Ses so se torej začele v 4. desetletju pr. Kr. in so se kasneje, npr. 15 pr. Kr., najverjetneje nadaljevale.66 Za stolpe ob Wallenseeju, v katerih so bile med drugim najdene trirobe puščične osti tipa Zanier Ia,67 ki jim pripadajo tudi puščične osti z Gradu pri Reki68 in z Gradišča v Cerknem (t. 4: 1–7) ter podobni pilumi z eno zalustjo, kot ju poznamo z Gradu pri Reki69 (sl. 10) Martin-Kilcherjeva domneva, da so bili zgrajeni okoli leta 30 pr. Kr. in kmalu po vojaških pohodih čez Alpe v letih 16/15 pr. Kr. opuščeni.70 Poleg tega meni, da je morda del orožja iz daritvenega mesta na Döttenbichlu pri Oberammergauu, ki leži blizu glavne poti iz severne Italije čez prelaz Reschenpass k zgornjemu toku Donave, iz predavgustejske ali zgodnjeavgustejske dobe,71 Werner Zanier pa vse rimsko orožje s tega najdišča povezuje z rimskim vojaškim pohodom čez Alpe leta 15 pr. Kr.72 Ostanke vojaških spopadov iz zahodne Slovenije z najdbami z Döttenbichla povezujejo trirobe puščične osti tipa Zanier Ia, katapultne konice s tulastim nastavkom in žebljički z značilnim vzorcem križa in štirih bunčic na spodnji strani;73 zadnji po našem mnenju jasno kažejo, da je del rimskih vojaških najdb s tega najdišča starejši od (srednje)avgustejske dobe (glej argumentacijo spodaj). Zanimiv je tudi pregled pojavljanja posameznih tipov orožja oziroma vojaške opreme z obravnavanih najdišč na drugih najdiščih. Katapultne konice z masivno piramidalno konico in tulastim nastavkom so značilne za poznorepublikansko dobo, v času principata pa imajo manj masivne konice.74 Katapultne konice s piramidalno konico s trnastim nastavkom 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Martin-Kilcher 2011, 41–43. Istenič 2005a. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 45–50. Zanier 1988. Istenič 2005a, sl. 3: 1–16. Istenič 2005a, sl. 3: 28–29. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 45–50, sl. 20a. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 50–52. Zanier 2009b; Zanier 2009c, 91–92. Zanier 2009b, 270–272, 276, 277, kat. št. 3.7.9–3.7.11; Zanier 2009c, 91, sl. 3: 1–6; Zanier 1997, sl. 1.24: 2, 6–8. Z Döttenbichla je objavljena tudi puščična ost z eno zalustijo in tulcem (Zanier 2006, sl. 1.24: 4), ki je podobna puščični osti z Gradišča v Cerknem, čeprav se v podrobnostih razlikujeta. Npr. Horvat 2002, t. 14; Sievers 2001, t. 79: 567–574; Poux 2008, 354–357. Figure 10. Iron parts of pila: 1, 2 from Grad near Reka (ater Istenič 2005a, ig. 3: 28, 29); 3 from the watchtower in Schänis-Biberlikopf (ater Roth-Rubi et al. 2004, pl. 7: B 38); 4, 5 from the watchtower in Filzbach-Vordemwald at Lake Wallensee (ater Roth-Rubi et al. 2004, pl. 4: F 64, F 65). Tri-bladed barbed arrowheads: 6–11 from the watchtower in Schänis-Biberlikopf (ater Roth-Rubi et al. 2004, pl. 7: B 39, B 40). Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Slika 10. Železne konice pilumov: 1, 2 Grad pri Reki (po Istenič 2005a, sl. 3: 28, 29); 3 stolp na Biberlikopfu (po Roth-Rubi et al. 2004, t. 7: B 38); 4, 5 stolp v Voremwaldu pri Filzbachu ob Wallenseeju (po RothRubi et al. 2004, t. 4: F 64, F 65). Trokrilne puščične osti: 6–11 iz stolpa na Biberlikopfu pri kraju Schänis ob Wallenseeju (po Roth-Rubi et al. 2004, t. 7: B 39, B 40). M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 55 military inds from Döttenbichl predates the (Middle) Augustan period (for argumentation see below). imajo le že navedene primerjave na najdišču Andagoste in na območju Crap Ses.75 he following paragraphs discuss the presence at other sites of Roman military inds like those from the Posočje sites. Trirobe puščične osti, kakršne so med najdbami z Gradišča v Cerknem in Gradu pri Reki z okolico, so znane s srednje- in poznoavgustejskih najdišč76 in, kot smo že omenili, iz Döttenbichla77 in iz verjetno zgodnjeavgustejskega stolpa na Biberlikopfu pri kraju Schänis ob Wallenseeju (sl. 10: 6–11).78 Na njihovo uporabo v zgodnjeavgustejski dobi kaže tudi dejstvo, da so med najdbami, ki jih povezujejo z rimsko osvojitvijo opida La Loma v severni Španiji (Santibáñez de la Peña, Palencia) med kantabrijskimi vojnami.79 he socketed iron catapult-bolts with large pyramidal heads are typical of the Late Republican period, while those from the Principate have smaller heads.74 he only parallels for the tanged iron catapult-bolts come from the already mentioned Andagoste and the Crap Ses area.75 he tri-bladed tanged iron arrowheads that match those from the Posočje sites are known from Middle and Late Augustan sites,76 from Döttenbichl77 and from the probably Early Augustan watchtower in Schänis-Biberlikopf at Lake Wallensee (ig. 10: 6–11).78 heir use in the Early Augustan period is corroborated by the fact that they appear among the inds related to the Roman conquest of the oppidum at La Loma in northern Spain (Santibáñez de la Peña, Palencia) during the Cantabrian wars.79 he already mentioned tanged pila with single barbs from the watchtower in Filzbach-Vordemwald at Lake Wallensee and the similar pilum (the tang does not survive) from the watchtower at Biberlikopf, also at Lake Wallensee, are the only known parallels for the pila from Grad near Reka80 (ig. 10: 1–5). Both watchtowers most probably date to the Early Augustan period.81 he single-barbed tanged iron arrowheads from Vrh gradu near Pečine (pl. 5: 24, 25) and Grad near Reka and its environs82 have close matches among the inds from Alesia, though it is not clear whether those belonged to the Gauls or the Romans.83 Puščični konici z eno zalustjo in trnom z Vrh gradu pri Pečinah (t. 5: 24, 25) in Gradu pri Reki z okolico82 imata dobre primerjave med najdbami iz Alezije, kjer pa ni jasno, ali so galske ali rimske.83 Podobne puščične osti z eno zalustjo in tulcem, kot je bila najdena na Gradišča v Cerknem (t. 3: 19), so med rimskim orožjem iz časa galskih vojn, pa tudi še avgustejske dobe in 1. stoletja po Kr.84 Puščični osti z zalustima in tulcem z Gradišča v Cerknem (t. 3: 17, 18) imata analogije med najdbami s prelaza Goldegg v Avstriji, ki niso ozko datirane, vendar Stefanie Martin-Kilcher domneva, da so iz druge polovice 1. st. pr. Kr.85 Parallels to the socketed single-lobed arrowhead from Gradišče in Cerkno (pl. 3: 19) can be found among the Roman weapons from the time of the Gallic wars, the Augustan period and the 1st century AD.84 Geografsko najbližje primerjave za enostavne asimetrične konice z Gradišča v Cerknem (t. 4: 8–25) in z Gradu pri Reki,86 ki so morda puščične osti, so na Gradu pri Šmihelu.87 he two-bladed socketed arrowheads from Gradišče in Cerkno (pl. 3: 17, 18) have parallels among the inds from Svinčeni želodi, najdeni na Gradu pri Reki z okolico88 in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah (t. 6; 7: 1–9), so po obliki precej 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 56 Že omenjena piluma z eno zalustjo in ploščatim nasadiščem iz stolpa v Vordemwaldu pri Filzbachu in podoben pilum z eno zalustjo, pri katerem nasadišče ni ohranjeno, iz stolpa na vzpetini Biberlikopf – oba stolpa verjetno sodita med zgodnjeavgustejske stolpe ob Wallensee80 – so zaenkrat edine primerjave za osti pilumov z Gradu pri Reki81 (sl. 10: 1–5). 84 the arrowhead from Gradišče in Cerkno, with certain diference in details. E.g. Horvat 2002, pl. 14; Sievers 2001, pl. 79: 567–574; Poux 2008, 354–357. Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002, ig. 2: 2–4; Rageth 2009, 272, Cat. Nos. 3.5.8, 3.5.9. Zanier 1988, 6. Zanier 2009c, 91, ig. 3: 2–6; Zanier 2009b, 275, Cat. No. 3.7.10. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 45–50, ig. 20a. Morillo Cerdán 2014, 138, 140, ig. 4. Istenič 2005a, ig. 3: 28, 29. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 45–50, ig. 20a. Istenič 2005a, ig. 3: 17–21. Sievers 2001, 171, pl. 83: 685–703. Sievers 2001, 177, pl. 82: 644–652; Poux 2008, 360, 363–365. 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002, sl. 2: 2–4; Rageth 2009, 272, kat. št. 3.5.8, 3.5.9. Zanier 1988, 6. Zanier 2009c, 91, sl. 3: 2–6; Zanier 2009b, 275, kat. št. 3.7.10. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 45–50, sl. 20a. Morillo Cerdán 2014, 138, 140, sl. 4. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 45–50, sl. 20a. Istenič 2005a, sl. 3: 28, 29. Istenič 2005a, sl. 3: 17–21. Sievers 2001, 171, t. 83: 685–703. Sievers 2001, 177, t. 82: 644–652; Poux 2008, 360, 363–365. Martin-Kilcher 2011, 52–53, sl. 23, op. 107. Istenič 2005a, 79, sl. 3: 22–27. Horvat 2002, 129–143, t. 16: 1–2, 4, 6–7, 10–20. Istenič 2005a, sl. 4: 13–20. the Goldegg Pass in Austria. hese are not precisely dated, although Stefanie Martin-Kilcher presumes them to be from the second half of the 1st century BC.85 enotni – pripadajo vretenastim želodom oblike Völling IIa in IIb – kar jih povezuje npr. z želodi iz Alezije in drugih sočasnih ali mlajših najdišč.89 he geographically closest matches for the simple tanged bodkins with asymmetrical heads from Gradišče in Cerkno (pl. 4: 8–25) and Grad near Reka,86 which may have been used as arrowheads, are known from Grad near Šmihel.87 Najpomembnejša značilnost večine železnih okovnih žebljičkov obuval, ki so zastopani na vseh treh obravnavanih najdiščih (t. 2: 5–14; 5: 9–21; Istenič 2005a, sl. 5: 5–13), je vzorec na njihovi spodnji strani;90 ta je s štirimi rebri razdeljena na štiri enaka polja, v vsakem od njih pa je izbočena bunkica. Večina najdišč s takimi žebljički je povezana s Cezarjevim delovanjem v Galiji oziroma z obuvali njegovih vojakov.91 Enaki žebljički so med površinskimi najdbami z najdišča Barda-Roba nad dolino Nadiže, severovzhodno od Čedada (Cividale; rimski Forum Iulii). Druge površinske najdbe s tega najdišča vključujejo poznorepublikanske novce (najmlajši je denarij skovan 79 pr. Kr.) in svinčene želode, ki jih glede na obliko lahko datiramo v konec 2. ali začetek 1. stoletja pr. Kr.,92 mlajših najdb iz 1. st. pr. Kr. ali začetka 1. st. po Kr. pa ni ali pa so zelo redke.93 Številne take žebljičke so našli na prizorišču spopada med Rimljani in domačini pri Andagosteju (datacija: med 44 in 30 pr. Kr.)94 in na najdiščih, povezanih s spopadi med kantabrijskimi vojnami (29–19 pr. Kr.) v severni Španiji.95 Na razmeroma kratek čas uporabe takih žebljičkov kaže dejstvo, da jih ni med najdbami iz legijskega tabora v Dangstettnu, niti v mlajših avgustej- he oblong lead slingshot from Grad near Reka and its environs88 and from Vrh gradu near Pečine (pls. 6; 7: 1–9) belongs to the spindle-shaped slingshot of the Völling IIa and IIb forms, which connects it to the slingshot from Alesia and other contemporary or later sites.89 he key feature of most iron hobnails found at the three Posočje sites (pls. 2: 5–14; 5: 9–21; Istenič 2005a, ig. 5: 5–13) is the characteristic pattern on the underside:90 divided with a cross into four equal parts, each of which bears an embossed dot. Most of the parallels for such hobnails come from sites connected with Caesar’s military activities in Gaul, more precisely with his soldiers’ footwear.91 Such hobnails are also known among the scattered inds collected at Barda-Roba, a site located above the Natisone (Nadiža) valley, north-east of Cividale (Roman Forum Iulii). Other inds from this site include Late Republican coins (the latest a denarius minted in 79 BC) and lead slingshot, the form of which suggests a date in the late 2nd or early 1st century BC.92 It seems there are no (or extremely few) later inds from the 1st century BC or early 1st century AD.93 Numerous hobnails of the same type were found 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Martin-Kilcher 2011, 52–53, ig. 23, note 107. Istenič 2005a, 79, ig. 3: 22–27. Horvat 2002, 129–143, pl. 16: 1–2, 4, 6–7, 10–20. Istenič 2005a, ig. 4: 13–20. Cf. Poux 2008, 369–371; Laharnar 2011, 316–362, 372. Poux (2008, 378–381) believes that apart from the pattern on the underside, Late Republican hobnails are characterised, by their size and the conical shape of the head. The hobnails from the three Posočje sites conirm his observation as far as the size is concerned, but not the shape, because they include hobnails with a low and rounded head. Brouquier-Reddé, Deyber 2001, 303–305, pl. 93: 138 D 4-4; Poux 2008, 376–381, igs. 53, 54; for the military camp from Caesar’s time near Hermeskeil in the area of the Treveri see: http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/archaeologie-indeutschland-roemisches-militaerlager-aus-der-zeit-caesars-entdeckt-1.1464467. Tagliaferri 1986a, 121–126, 132, pl. 22; Tagliaferri 1986b, 148– 150; cf. Laharnar 2011, 342, 351). Eleven iron hobnails are mentioned from this site, but are not published with a drawing, photo or detailed description (Tagliaferri 1986a, 125; Tagliaferri 1986b, 149). The photographs kindly sent to me by Fabio Pagano, director of the Museo di Cividale, clearly show that at least six bear the typical pattern of a cross and four embossed dots on the underside (the rust on the other ive prevented us from determining the pattern based on photos alone). Serena Vitri (2007, 160–161) mentions fragments of a segmental cuirass (lorica segmentata) and sporadic traces of human presence at the site until the Late Roman period. Excavations on the slope of the Roba hill revealed La Tène ob- Prim. Poux 2008, 369–371; Laharnar 2011, 316–362, 372. Poux (2008, 378–381) meni, da sta poleg omenjega značilnega vzorca na spodnji strani za poznorepublikanske okovne žebljičke značilni njihova velikost in konična oblika glavice. Žebljički iz cerkljanskih najdišč potrjujejo njegovo domnevo glede velikosti, ne pa glede oblike, kajti med njimi so tudi žebljički z nizko in zaobljeno glavico. 91 Brouquier-Reddé, Deyber 2001, 303–305, t. 93: 138 D 4-4; Poux 2008, 376–381, sl. 53, 54; za vojaški tabor iz Cezarjevega časa pri Hermeskeilu na območju Treverov glej: http:// www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/archaeologie-in-deutschland-roemisches-militaerlager-aus-der-zeit-caesarsentdeckt-1.1464467. 92 Tagliaferri 1986a, 121–126, 132, t. 22; Tagliaferri 1986b, 149– 148–150; prim. Laharnar 2011, angl. 342, 351/sl. 361, 369). 11 železnih okovnih žebljičkov obuval s tega najdišča v objavi ni objavljenih s sliko, fotograijo ali podrobnim opisom (Tagliaferri 1986a, 125; Tagliaferri 1986b, 149), iz fotograij, ki mi jih je prijazno poslal Fabio Pagano, direktor muzeja v Čedadu (Museo di Cividale) pa je razvidno, da je na spodnji strani najmanj šestih žebljičkov značilen odtis štirih reber in štirih izbočenih bunčic (žebljički so zarjaveli, zato je po fotograijah nemogoče ugotoviti, kakšna je spodnja stran preostalih žebljičkov). 93 Serena Vitri (2007, 160–161) omenja del oklepa (lorica segmentata) in sporadično obiskovanje najdišča do poznorimske dobe. Na pobočju vzpetine Roba pa so poleg latenske predmetov našli rimsko keramiko in novce, ki pa v objavi niso ožje časovno opredeljeni (Casagrande, Pessina, Righi 2003). 94 Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002, sl. 2: 11, 12; Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2006, 475–476, 480, 482, 484, sl. 121: 11–12). 95 Rodríguez Morales et al. 2012, 160, sl. 8; Fernández Vega et al. 2012, 240, št. 1, sl. 15. 89 90 57 at Andagoste, a site of a military conlict dated between c. 44 and 30 BC,94 but also on sites in northern Spain related to the Cantabrian wars (29–19 BC).95 he relatively brief use of these hobnails is indicated by their absence in the fortress at Dangstetten (dated between 20/15 and 9/7 BC) and later military installations of the Augustan period. his makes them very useful markers of the period from Caesar’s Gallic wars at the latest (possibly from the irst two decades of the 1st century BC, if Barda-Roba is taken into consideration) to around 20 BC.96 Similar hobnails, although only with embossed dots (no cross) on the underside,97 also come from sites dating to the time of the Gallic wars, 98 but remained in use – albeit on average smaller – throughout the Augustan period and later.99 he iron inger-rings from Gradišče in Cerkno (pl. 2: 4) and Grad near Reka and its environs100 were probably signet rings, which represent common inds in Roman military contexts.101 he Alesia type brooches, three of which were found at Grad near Reka,102 are a Roman invention of the Caesarean period. hey are characterised by two important new features: a new mechanism, i.e. a hinge instead of the spring which had characterised all previous types of brooches, and a new material, i.e. brass (copper-zinc alloy), which the Romans began producing and using around 60 BC. he Alesia brooches are so far the earliest group of Roman objects made primarily of brass. he numerous brooches of this type from Alesia show that they were used by Roman soldiers to fasten their cloaks.103 he three Posočje sites yielded ive Jezerine brooches (more precisely the Jezerine II subgroup) (pls. 1: 2, 3; 5: 6 and two as yet unpublished pieces from Grad near Reka104). hey it the proposed dating of the sites as the fourth decade BC 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 58 jects, Roman pottery and coins, but the inds are not narrowly dated in the publication (Casagrande, Pessina, Righi 2003). Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2002, ig. 2: 11, 12; Ocháran Larrondo, Unzueta Portilla 2006, 475–476, 480, 482, 484, sl. 121: 11–12). Rodríguez Morales et al. 2012, 160, ig. 8; Fernández Vega et al. 2012, 240, No. 1, ig. 15. Poux (2008, 378–379) wrongly presumes that hobnails with a typical pattern of a cross and dots were in use until around the year 0. Istenič 2005a, ig. 5: 1–4. Brouquier-Reddé, Deyber 2001, 303–305, pl. 93: 138 A4-10; Poux 2008, 376–381, ig. 53. Poux 2008, 380, ig. 56. National Museum of Slovenia, Inv. Nos. R 26450, R 26660, R 26661 and possibly R 26694; cf. Istenič 2014, ig. 17. Cf. Brouquier-Reddé, Deyber 2001, 300, 301, pl. 93: 76–82; Fingerlin 1986, 54: 9, 471: 4, 550: 31; Fingerlin 1998, 723: 6, 957: 6; Sander 1992, 146, pl. 33: 54, 55. skih vojaških taborih. So torej odličen časovni pokazatelj obdobja od vključno Cezarjevih galskih vojn, ali – glede na najdišče Barda-Roba morda od prvih dveh desetletij 1. stoletja pr. Kr. – do okrog 20 pr. Kr.96 Podobni žebljički, ki pa imajo na spodnji strani odtisnjene le bunčice,97 so prav tako zastopani že na najdiščih iz časa galskih vojn,98 vendar so bili taki žebljički, ki pa so v povprečju manjši, v uporabi še v celi avgustejski dobi in kasneje.99 Železni prstani (t. 2: 4 in primerki z Gradu pri Reki z okolico100), ki so verjetno bili pečatni, imajo dobre primerjave med najdbami, ki jih povezujejo z rimsko vojsko.101 Fibule skupine Alezija, ki so na Gradu pri Reki z okolico zastopani s tremi primerki,102 so rimska iznajdba Cezarjeve dobe. Zanje sta značilni dve pomembni novosti: način zapiranja, tj. tečaj namesto peresovine (vsi starejši tipi sponk imajo peresovino), in nov material, tj. medenina (zlitina bakra in cinka), ki so jo Rimljani začeli izdelovati in uporabljati okrog 60 pr. Kr. Fibule skupine Alesia so zaenkrat najstarejša skupina rimskih predmetov, za katero so (v Italiji) praviloma uporabljali medenino. Številne zaponke te skupine iz Alezije kažejo, da so jih nosili rimski vojaki; z njimi so zapenjali plašče.103 Primerkov ibul skupine Jezerine (natančneje Jezerine II) je bilo na obravnavanih najdiščih pet (t. 1: 2, 3; 5: 6 in dve neobjavljeni ibuli z Gradu pri Reki104) in se časovno dobro vključujejo v datacijo teh najdišč v 4. desetletje pr. Kr. (glej pogl. Gradišče v Cerknem). Rimski izvor primerkov iz čiste medenine (t. 1: 3; 5: 6) je jasen, pri drugih, ki so iz rdeče litine (ibuli z Gradu pri Reki) ali iz brona 105 (t. 2: 2) pa glede na zgodnjo datacijo domnevamo enako. Primerjava rimskih vojaških najdb z obravnavanih najdišč z najdbami iz zaključka republikanske in začetka cesarske dobe torej kaže na njihovo datacijo v čas po galskih vojnah in pred srednjeavgustejsko dobo. Največ skupnih točk imajo s predmeti s prizorišča vojaškega spopada med Rimljani in domačini na najdišču Andagoste, ki je po novcih datirano med pribl. 44 in 30 pr. Kr., ter z območja prelaza 96 97 98 99 100 101 Poux (2008, 378–379) napačno domneva, da so bili okovni žebljički z značilnim vzorcem križa in bunčic na spodnji strani v uporabi do okrog leta 0. Istenič 2005a, sl. 5: 1–4. Brouquier-Reddé, Deyber 2001, 303–305, t. 93: 138 A4-10; Poux 2008, 376–381, sl. 53. Poux 2008, 380, sl. 56. Narodni muzej Slovenije, inv. št. R 26450, R 26660, R 26661 in morda tudi R 26694; prim. Istenič 2014, sl. 17. Prim. Brouquier-Reddé, Deyber 2001, 300, 301, t. 93: 76–82; Fingerlin 1986, 54: 9, 471: 4, 550: 31; Fingerlin 1998, 723: 6, 957: 6; Sander 1992, 146, t. 33: 54, 55. 102 Istenič 2005a, sl. 5: 14, 15; Istenič 2005b, t. 1: 1, 8, 11. Istenič 2005a, ig. 5: 14, 15; Istenič 2005b, pl. 1: 1, 8, 11. 103 Istenič 2005b; Istenič, Šmit 2007. National Museum of Slovenia, Inv. Nos. R 26582 and R 26583 (Cf. Istenič 2014, ig. 17). 104 Istenič 2005b; Istenič, Šmit 2007. Narodni muzej Slovenije, inv. št. R 26582 in R 26583 (prim. Istenič 2014, sl. 17). Rezultati analiz zlitine še niso objavljeni. 105 (see chapter on Gradišče in Cerkno). heir early date suggests they came from Italy (two gunmetal brooches from Grad near Reka and the bronze105 brooch pl. 2: 2); the Roman origin of two brooches (pls. 1: 3; 5: 6) is further indicated by the pure brass of which they were made. he comparison of the inds from the three sites under discussion with the others from the end of the Republican and beginning of the Imperial period suggests a date between the end of the Gallic wars and the onset of the Middle Augustan period. he three Posočje sites show strong links with the battleield site at Andagoste, dated from the numismatic evidence to between c. 44 and 30 BC, as well as with the site at the Septimer Pass and the inds from the Crap Ses Gorge below it, dated – primarily by comparison with the inds from Grad near Reka and Andagoste – to the fourth decade BC. Considering the broader historical context, it was vital for the Romans to pacify the hinterland of the Soča (Isonzo) valley, which includes the Tolmin-Cerkno area, before campaigning further to the south-east, i.e. at the beginning of Octavian’s Illyrian wars (35/33 BC). his is also suggested by Appian’s mention of the Carni among the tribes that Octavian defeated in the Illyrian wars. Conclusion he sites at Grad near Reka and its environs, Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine revealed traces of Roman military activity from the fourth decade BC, probably from the beginning of the Illyrian wars (35 BC). he most varied assemblage of Roman weapons is known from Grad near Reka, consisting of tri-bladed tanged arrowheads, single-barbed tanged arrowheads, tanged catapult-bolts, socketed catapult-bolts, simple tanged bodkins with asymmetrical heads, tanged pila with single-barbs and lead slingshot.106 By comparison, the inds from Gradišče in Cerkno are missing pila, single-barbed tanged arrowheads and lead slingshot, but include single-barbed and two-bladed socketed arrowheads (pl. 3: 17–19). he multitude of Roman artillery missiles (such as catapult-bolts), lead slingshot and arrowheads on both sites clearly indicates a Roman military attack. According to the available evidence, Roman weapons from Vrh gradu near Pečine comprise only lead slingshot and some arrowheads, which casts some doubt upon its interpretation as the site of a Roman military attack. Common to all three sites are the hobnails bearing a pattern of a cross and embossed dots on the underside. he Roman army probably arrived at the sites of Gradišče in Cerkno and Grad near Reka from the north, i.e. from Baška grapa via Bukovo. hey would presumably have ar105 106 Results of the alloy analyses have not yet been published. Istenič 2005a, igs. 3–5. Septimer in pod njim ležeče tesni Crap Ses, ki jih – v glavnem prav na podlagi primerjav z najdbami z Gradu pri Reki in Andagosteja – datirajo v 4. desetletje pr. Kr. Glede na zgodovinsko situacijo so Rimljani morali osvojiti tolminsko-cerkljansko območje, preden so posegli dalje proti jugovzhodu, torej najkasneje na začetku Oktavijanovih ilirskih vojn (35/33). S tem se sklada Apijanova omemba Karnov med ljudstvi, ki jih je Oktavijan premagal med ilirskimi vojnami. Sklep Na Gradu pri Reki z okolico, Gradišču v Cerknem in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah so se ohranili sledovi rimskega vojaškega delovanja v 4. desetletju pr. Kr., verjetno na začetku ilirskih vojn (35 pr. Kr.). Največ različnih tipov rimskega orožja poznamo z Gradu pri Reki z okolico: asimetrični konici pilumov, trirobe puščične osti in puščične osti z eno zalustijo, enostavne asimetrične konice, katapultne konice s trnom in katapultne konice s trnom ter svinčene želode.106 Med najdbami z Gradišča v Cerknem je ohranjena večina tipov orožja, ki so znani z Gradu pri Reki, poleg tega pa še puščični konici z dvema zalustima in tulcem ter puščična konica z eno zalustijo in tulcem (t. 3: 17–19), manjkajo pa konice pilumov, puščične osti z eno zalustijo in trnom ter svinčeni želodi. Obilica rimskih izstrelkov na teh dveh najdiščih jasno kaže, da gre za sledove rimskega vojaškega napada. Na Vrh gradu pri Pečinah je po nam dostopnih podatkih rimsko orožje zastopano samo s svinčenimi želodi, dvema puščičnima konicama s tulcem in dvema puščičnima konicama z eno zalustijo, zato narave navzočnosti rimskih vojakov na tem najdišču ni mogoče zanesljivo opredeliti kot vojaški napad. Vsem trem najdiščem so skupni okovni žebljički z reliefnim vzorcem križa in bunčic na spodnji strani. Verjetni dostop do Gradišča v Cerknem in Gradu pri Reki je bil s severa, tj. iz Baške grape preko Bukovega. Povezava z Italijo je vodila verjetno iz Forum Iulii, ki je postal municipij v Cezarjevem času, in naprej po dolini Nadiže107 ali čez druge prehode, ki od tam vodijo v Breginjski kot 108 ter naprej v dolino Soče pri Kobaridu, kjer je bil v tem času morda emporij,109 in še naprej čez hriboviti svet vzhodno ob Soči do Baške grape. Čez Baško grapo in Cerkljansko ter Poljansko dolino je kasneje verjetno vodila pot, ki je severovzhodno Italijo povezovala z osrednjo Slovenijo in 106 107 108 109 Istenič 2005a, sl. 3–5. Uporabo poti ob tej reki v zgodnjem 1. st. pr. Kr. kažejo najdbe z najdišča Barda-Roba (prim. op. 92). Med sledove rimske vojske v obdobju med ok. 60 in 30/15 pr. Kr. v Breginjskem kotu sodijo okovni žebljički z značilnim motivom križa in bunčic na spodnji strani z najdišča Sedlo – Gradec (Mlinar, Gerbec, Laharnar 2014, 24–25, 38, kat. št. 37) in s Sv. Helene pri Podbeli (Narodni muzej Slovenije, inv. št. R 26913). Laharnar, Štular, Mlinar, v tem zborniku. 59 rived here from Forum Iulii, which became a municipium in Caesar’s time, along the valley of the Natisone (Nadiža)107 or other routes leading to Breginjski kot108 and onwards to the valley of the River Soča at Kobarid, possibly at that time the site of an emporium,109 and eastwards across hilly terrain along the Soča River to Baška grapa. Later, a route probably led via Baška grapa, the Cerkno area and Poljanska dolina (the Poljane Valley), connecting north-eastern Italy with central Slovenia and also Carinthia, with a centre in Virunum (Magdalensberg). At the intersection of this route and the one that led northwards from Emona, a settlement at the location of the present-day town of Kranj was established in the Middle Augustan period.110 tudi Koroško s središčem v Virunumu (Magdalensberg / Štalenska Gora). Na križišču te poti s tisto, ki je vodila iz Emone na sever, je v srednjevagustejski dobi nastala rimska naselbina v Kranju.110 Iz Slovenije poznamo zanesljive sledove vojaškega spopada zgodnjerimske dobe le še z Gradu pri Šmihelu. Tam so ob koncu 19. stoletja v obzidju prazgodovinskega gradišča odkopali rimsko orožje iz sredine 2. stoletja pr. Kr.,111 v zadnjih desetletjih pa so na gradišču in njegovih pobočjih našli svinčene pračne izstrelke ter osti katapultnih izstrelkov in druge izstrelke enakih oblik, kot so bili najdeni v obzidju.112 he only other site in Slovenia to yield clear traces of a military conlict from the Early Roman period is that at Grad near Šmihel. here, Roman weapons from the mid2nd century BC were unearthed in the rampart of the prehistoric hillfort at the end of the 19th century,111 while lead slingshot, iron catapult-bolts and other missiles of the same types as those found in the rampart have come to light in recent decades in the hillfort and on its slopes.112 Translation: Andreja Maver Language editing: David Limon 107 108 109 110 111 112 60 The use of a road along this river in the early 1st century BC is indicated by the inds from the Barda-Roba site (cf. note 92). Traces of the Roman army in the period spanning from roughly 60 and 30/15 BC in the Breginjski kot area include hobnails with a typical pattern of a cross and embossed dots on the underside from the sites at Sedlo – Gradec (Mlinar, Gerbec, Laharnar 2014, 24–25, 38, Cat. No. 37) and Sv. Helena near Podbela (National Museum of Slovenia, Inv. No. R 26913). Laharnar, Štular, Mlinar, in this book. Sagadin, in this book. Horvat 1997; Horvat 2002. Laharnar, in this book. On battleield archaeology see e.g. Schlachtfeldarchäologie 2009 and Laharnar 2010, with references. 110 111 112 Sagadin, v tem zborniku. Horvat 1997; Horvat 2002. Laharnar, v tem zborniku. O arheologiji bojišč glej npr. Schlachtfeldarchäologie 2009 in Laharnar 2010, s citirano literaturo. CATALOGUE OF COINS KATALOG NOVCEV Alenka Miškec Alenka Miškec Coins, individual inds. he names of emperors are followed by denomination (S = sestertius, As = as, AE = a bronze coin, the number indicates its size, D = denarius, Dp = dupondius, Tetr = tetradrachm), the date (c. = century), the mint (MobM = mobile mint, Lug = Lugdunum, Aq = Aquileia), standard bibliography and mintmark. he list gives the collection (NMS = National Museum of Slovenia), inventory number, measurements (dim. = dimensions, Φ = diameter, wt. = weight) and condition of coins. Novci, posamične najdbe. Pod posameznimi vladarji si sledijo podatki o nominalni vrednosti novca (S = sestercij, As = as, AE = bronast novec, številka označuje njegovo velikost, D = denarij, Dp = dupondij, Tetr = tetradrahma), dataciji kovanja (st. = stoletje), kovnici (PKov = potujoča kovnica, Lug = Lugdunum, Aq = Aquileia), standardni literaturi in priznaku kovnice. V seznamu so navedeni mesto hranjenja (NMS = Narodni muzej Slovenije), inventarne številke, mere (dim. = dimenzije, Φ = premer, t. = teža) in stopnja ohranjenosti novcev. Grad near Reka Grad pri Reki Rome / Rim Republic / Republika 1 D 105 BC / pr. Kr. Roma RRC 316/1 2 D 56 BC / pr. Kr. Roma RRC 425/1 4 As 1st half of the 2nd c. BC / 1. pol. 2. st. pr. Kr. Roma RRC ? 5 As 89 BC / pr. Kr. Roma RRC 344/4b Roma RIC II/1 980 Roma RIC II ? Roma RIC III 807 Roma RIC III ? Roma RIC III 664 - RIC IV/1 - (ad 885) 3- Vespasianus 6 D 77–78 Hadrianus 7 As 117–138 Antoninus Pius 8 Dp 145–161 M. Aurelius 9 S 161–180 Commodus (Divus M. Aurelius) 10 As from / od 180 Septimius Severus (Iulia Domna) 11 As after / po 196 1. Private collection. Wt.: 3,9 g. Φ: 20 mm. Axis: 7. Very well preserved. 2 NMS, LJ 489. Obverse: punch-marks. Wt.: 3,61 g. Dim.: 18 × 19 mm. Axis: 5. Excellently preserved. Kos, Šemrov 1990, no. 282; FMRSl III 4-1. 3. NMS, LJ 12348. Wt.: 19,65 g. Φ: 30,5 mm. Axis: 7. Worn. FMRSl IV 2-1. 4. Private collection. Halved. Wt.: 8,48 g. Axis: 6. Well preserved. FMRSl V 2-1. 5. Private collection. Wt.: 10,83 g. Dim.: 30 × 27 mm. Axis: 6. Well preserved. 6. Private collection. Wt.: 3,06 g. Φ: 17 mm. Axis: 6. Very well preserved. FMRSl V 2-2. 7. NMS, LJ 12347. Wt.: 6,9 g. Dim.: 25,5 × 26,5 mm. Worn. FMRSl IV 2-2. 1. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 3,9 g. Φ: 20 mm. Položaj pečata: 7. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 2. NMS, LJ 489. Averz: vtiski. T.: 3,61 g. Dim.: 18 × 19 mm. Položaj pečata: 5. Odlično ohranjen. Kos, Šemrov 1990, št. 282; FMRSl III 4-1. 3. NMS, LJ 12348. T.: 19,65 g. Φ: 30,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 7. Izrabljen. FMRSl IV 2-1. 4. Zasebna zbirka. Polovičen. T.: 8,48 g. Položaj pečata: 6. Dobro ohranjen. FMRSl V 2-1. 5. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 10,83 g. Dim.: 30 × 27 mm. Pol. peč.: 6. Dobro ohranjen. 6. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 3,06 g. Φ: 17 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Zelo lepo ohranjen. FMRSl V 2-2. 7. NMS, LJ 12347. T.: 6,9 g. Dim.: 25,5 × 26,5 mm. Izrabljen. FMRSl IV 2-2. 61 8. Private collection. Wt.: 13,2 g. Φ: 26 mm. Axis: 12. Very well preserved. 9. NMS, LJ 59816. Identiied according to portrait. Wt.: 14,74 g. Dim.: 27 × 28 mm. Axis: 12. Worn. 10. NMS, LJ 59815. Fragmentary. Wt.: 6,11 g. Axis: 6. Well preserved. 11. NMS, LJ 59814. Cast, imitation, limesfalsa. Wt.: 3,06 g. Dim.: 22,5 × 22 mm. Axis: 12. Well preserved. 8. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 13,2 g. Φ: 26 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 9. NMS, LJ 59816. Določitev po portretu. T.: 14,74 g. Dim.: 27 × 28 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Izrabljen. 10. NMS, LJ 59815. Fragmentiran. T.: 6,11 g. Položaj pečata: 6. Dobro ohranjen. 11. NMS, LJ 59814. Ulitek, imitacija, limes falsa. T.: 3,06 g. Dim.: 22,5 × 22 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Dobro ohranjen. Gradišče in Cerkno Gradišče v Cerknem Greeks / Grki Italia Bruttium Rhegium 1 AE 270–203 BC / pr. Kr. Rhegium SNG 1963 Celts / Kelti Eastern Celts / Vzhodnokeltsko kovanje Early coins of Philip II of Macedon / Zgodnji pokovi Filipa II. Noricum Norican group / Noriška skupina C3/COPO 2 Tetr 1st c. BC / 1. st. pr. Kr. - TKN - Rome / Rim Republic / Republika 3 As 194–190 BC / pr. Kr. Roma RRC 132/3 4 As 1st half of the 2nd c. BC / 1. pol. 2. st. pr. Kr. Roma RRC ? 5 As 102 BC / pr. Kr. Roma RRC 322/2 1. NMS, LJ 85015. Wt.: 6,26 g. Dim.: 20 × 21 mm. Axis: 12. Very well preserved. 2. Private collection. Wt.: 9,73 g. Φ: 22,5 mm. Axis: 4. Very well preserved. 3. NMS, LJ 85016. Wt.: 32,07 g. Dim.: 32,5 × 32 mm. Axis: 5. Well preserved. 4. NMS, LJ 49442. Halved. Wt.: 12,71 g. Axis: 6. Worn. FMRSl VI 4-1. 5. Elementary school, Cerkno. Excellently preserved. FMRSl III 2-1. 62 1. NMS, LJ 85015. T.: 6,26 g. Dim.: 20 × 21 mm. Pol. peč.: 12. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 2. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 9,73 g. Φ: 22,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 4. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 3. NMS, LJ 85016. T.: 32,07 g. Dim.: 32,5 × 32 mm. Položaj pečata: 5. Dobro ohranjen. 4. NMS, LJ 49442. Polovičen. T.: 12,71 g. Pol. peč.: 6. Izrabljen. FMRSl VI 4-1. 5. Osnovna šola Cerkno. Odlično ohranjen. FMRSl III 2-1. Vrh gradu near Pečine Vrh gradu pri Pečinah Rome / Rim Republic / Republika 1 D 45 BC / pr. Kr. Roma RRC 472/1 2 As 169–158 BC / pr. Kr. Roma RRC 176/1 4 As 1st half of the 2nd c. BC / 1. pol. 2. st. pr. Kr. Roma RRC ? 5 As 148 BC / pr. Kr. Roma RRC 214/2a 6 D 36 BC / pr. Kr. MobM/PKov RRC 540/2 Lug RIC II/1 1181 3- Vespasianus 7 S 72 Indeterminable / Nedoločljiv 8 As 1.–2. c. / st. Roma RIC ? 9 As 2. c. / st. Roma RIC ? Honorius 10 AE 3 408–423 Roma RIC X 1355 SMRT 11 AE 3 408–423 Aq RIC X 1356 AQP 12 AE 3 408–423 Aq RIC X 1358 AQS 13 AE 3 408–423 ? RIC X ? ? 14 AE 3 408–423 ? RIC X ? ? 1. Private collection. Wt.: 3,35 g. Dim.: 19 × 20 mm. Axis: 12. Very well preserved. FMRSl IV 7-1. 2. NMS, LJ 12173. Wt.: 27,03 g. Dim.: 33,5 × 32 mm. Axis: 5. Very well preserved. FMRSl III 10-3. 3. NMS, LJ 8351. Wt.: 18,7 g. Dim.: 30 × 28 mm. Axis: 6. Worn. FMRSl III 10-1. 4. NMS, LJ 8350. Wt.: 12,5 g. Dim.: 29 × 30 mm. Axis: 6. Worn. FMRSl III 10-2. 5. NMS, LJ 8353. Wt.: 22,25 g. Dim.: 27,5 × 28 mm. Axis: 7. Well preserved. FMRSl III 10-4. 6. Private collection. Wt.: 3,8 g. Dim.: 18,5 × 19,5 mm. Axis: 6. Very well preserved. FMRSl IV 7-2. 7. NMS, LJ 8436. Wt.: 20,69 g. Φ: 34 mm. Axis: 6. Well preserved. FMRSl IV 7-3. 8. Private collection. Wt.: 5,9 g. Dim.: 20 × 24 mm. Very badly worn. 9. LJ 8352. Wt.: 8,94 g. Dim.: 26 × 24 mm. Very badly worn. FMRSl IV 7-5. 10. Private collection. Wt.: 2,04 g. Φ: 14 mm. Axis: 12. Very well preserved. FMRSl VI 7-1. 11. Tolmin Museum. Wt.: 2,28 g. Φ: 15 mm. Axis: 12. Excellently preserved. 12. Private collection. Wt.: 3,14 g. Φ: 18 mm. Axis: 5. Very well preserved. FMRSl IV 7-4. 13. Tolmin Museum. Wt.: 2,1 g. Dim.: 15,5 × 16 mm. Axis: 12. Well preserved. 14. NMS, LJ 49441. Wt.: 1,29 g. Dim.: 14 × 16 mm. Axis: 6. Well preserved. FMRSl VI 7-2. 1. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 3,35 g. Dim.: 19 × 20 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Zelo lepo ohranjen. FMRSl IV 7-1. 2. NMS, LJ 12173. T.: 27,03 g. Dim.: 33,5 × 32 mm. Položaj pečata: 5. Zelo lepo ohranjen. FMRSl III 10-3. 3. NMS, LJ 8351. T.: 18,7 g. Dim.: 30 × 28 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Izrabljen. FMRSl III 10-1. 4. NMS, LJ 8350. T.: 12,5 g. Dim.: 29 × 30 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Izrabljen. FMRSl III 10-2. 5. NMS, LJ 8353. T.: 22,25 g. Dim.: 27,5 × 28 mm. Položaj pečata: 7. Dobro ohranjen. FMRSl III 10-4. 6. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 3,8 g. Dim.: 18,5 × 19,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Zelo lepo ohranjen. FMRSl IV 7-2. 7. NMS, LJ 8436. T.: 20,69 g. Φ: 34 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Dobro ohranjen. FMRSl IV 7-3. 8. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 5,9 g. Dim.: 20 × 24 mm. Zelo močno izrabljen. 9. NMS, LJ 8352. T.: 8,94 g. Dim.: 26 × 24 mm. Zelo močno izrabljen. FMRSl IV 7-5. 10. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 2,04 g. Φ: 14 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Zelo lepo ohranjen. FMRSl VI 7-1. 11. Muzej Tolmin. T.: 2,28 g. Φ: 15 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Odlično ohranjen. 12. Zasebna zbirka. T.: 3,14 g. Φ: 18 mm. Položaj pečata: 5. Zelo lepo ohranjen. FMRSl IV 7-4. 13. Muzej Tolmin. T.: 2,1 g. Dim.: 15,5 × 16 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Dobro ohranjen. 14. NMS, LJ 49441. T.: 1,29 g. Dim.: 14 × 16 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Dobro ohranjen. FMRSl VI 7-2. 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY / LITERATURA ADAM, A. M., FEUGÈRE, M. 1982, Un aspect de l’artisanat du bronze dans l’arc alpin oriental et en Dalmatie au Ier s. av. J.-C. Les ibules du type dit “de Jezerine”. – Aquileia nostra 53, 130–188. BISHOP, M. C., COULSTON, J. C. N. 2006, Roman Military Equipment. From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. – Oxford. BOŽIČ, D. 1999, Tre insediamenti minori del gruppo protostorico di Idrija pri Bači dell’Isontino. – In/V: S. Santoro Bianchi (ed./ur.), Studio e conservazione degli insediamenti minori romani in area alpina, Atti dell’incontro di studi, Forgaria del Friuli, 20 settembre 1997, Bologna, 71–79. BOŽIČ, D. 2011, Prazgodovinske najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu in železnodobna kultna mesta v Posočju / Prehistoric inds from Tonovcov grad and Iron Age cult places in the Posočje area. – In/V: Z. Modrijan, T. Milavec, Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu, Najdbe / Late Antique fortiied settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid, Finds, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 24, Ljubljana, 239–277. BROUQUIER-REDDÉ, V., DEYBER, A. 2001, Fourniment, harnachement, quincaillerie, objets divers. – In/V: M. Reddé, S. von Schnurbein (eds./ur.), Alésia 2 – Le matériel, Mémoires de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 22, Paris, 293–362. CASAGRANDE, D., PESSINA, A., RIGHI, G. 2003, San Pietro al Natisone, loc. Monte Roba. – In/V: G. Bandelli, S. Vitri (eds./ur.), I Celti in Friuli: archeologia, storia e territorio, III. 2003, Aquileia nostra 74, 665–672. DEMETZ, S. 1999, Fibeln der Spätlatène- und frühen römischen Kaiserzeit in den Alpenländern. – Frühgeschichtliche und Provinzialrömische Archäologie 4, Rahden. DRNIĆ, I. 2013, Fibule tipa Jezerine s prostora jugoistočne Panonije / Fibulae of the Jezerine-type from southeastern Pannonia. – Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 30, 45–68. FMRSl I: P. Kos, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Slowenien I. – Berlin 1988. FMRSl III: P. Kos, A. Šemrov, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Slowenien III. – Berlin 1995. FMRSl IV: A. Šemrov, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Slowenien IV. – Berlin 1998. FMRSl V: A. Šemrov, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Slowenien V. – Mainz am Rhein, 2004. GASPARI, A. 2009, 30. Swords with scabbards. – In/V: P. Turk et al. (eds./ur.), Ljubljanica – a River and its Past, Ljubljana, 246– 247 [= 30. Meči z nožnicami. – In/V: P. Turk et al. (eds./ur.), Ljubljanica – kulturna dediščina reke, Ljubljana 2009, 222–223]. GROTE, K. 2005, Römerlager Hedemünden. Vor 2000 Jahren. Römer an der Werra. Ein herausragendes archäologisches Kulturdenkmal und seine Funde. – Sydekum-Schriften zur Geschichte der Stadt Münden 34, Hann. Münden. GUŠTIN, M. 1991, Posočje in der jüngeren Eisenzeit. – Katalogi in monograije 27, Ljubljana [summary in Slovene / povzetek v slovenščini]. HARNECKER, J. 1997, Katalog der römischen Eisenfunde von Haltern. – Bodenaltertümer Westfalens 35, Mainz am Rhein. HARNECKER, J., MYLO, D. 2011, Kalkriese 5. Katalog der römischen Funde vom Oberesch. Die Schnitte 23 bis 39. – RömischGermanische Forschungen 69, Darmstadt, Mainz 2011. HORVAT, J. 1997, Roman Republican weapons from Šmihel in Slovenia. – In/V: M. Feugère (ed./ur.), L’équipement militaire et l’armament de la république (IVe–Ier s. avant J.-C.), Journal of Roman Military Equipement Studies 8, 105–120. ERICE LACABE, R. 1995, Las fíbulas del Nordeste de la Península Ibérica. Siglos I A.E. al IV D.E. – Zaragoza. HORVAT, J. 2002, he Hoard of Roman Republican Weapons from Grad near Šmihel / Zaklad rimskega republikanskega orožja z Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. – Arheološki vestnik 53, 117–192. FERNÁNDEZ VEGA, P. A., BOLADO DEL CASTILLO, R., CALLEJO GÓMEZ, J., MANTECÓN CALLEJO, L. 2012, El Castro de Las Rabas (Cervatos, Cantabria) y las Guerras Cántabras: resultados de las intervenciones arqueológicas de 2009 y 2010. – Munibe 63, 213–253. ISTENIČ, J. 2005a, Evidence for a very late Republican siege at Grad near Reka in Western Slovenia. – “Archäologie der Schlachtfelder – Militaria aus Zerstörungshorizonten”, Carnuntum Jahrbuch 2005, Wien, 77–87 [summary in German / povzetek v nemščini]. FEUGÈRE, M. 1985, Les ibules en Gaule méridionale. De la conquête à la in du Ve s. ap. J.-C. – Revue Archéologique de Narbonaise, Supplément 12, Paris. ISTENIČ, J. 2005b, Brooches of the Alesia group in Slovenia / Fibule skupine Alesia v Sloveniji. – Arheološki vestnik 56, 187–212. ISTENIČ, J. 2014, Rimske zgodbe s stičišča svetov. – Ljubljana. FINGERLIN, G. 1986, Dangstetten I. Katalog der Funde (Fundstellen 1 bis 603). – Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 22, Stuttgart. FINGERLIN, G. 1998, Dangstetten II. Katalog der Funde (Fundstellen 604–1358). – Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 69, Stuttgart. 64 ISTENIČ, J., ŠMIT, Ž. 2007, he beginning of the use of brass in Europe with particular reference to the southeastern Alpine region. – In/V: S. La Niece, D. R. Hook, P. T. Craddock (eds./ ur.), Metals and mines, Studies in archaeometallurgy, Selected papers from the conference Metallurgy: A Touchstone for Cross-cultural Interaction held at the British Museum 28–30 April 2005 to celebrate the career of Paul Craddock during his 40 years at the British Museum, London, 140–147. IVANIŠEVIĆ, V., KAZANSKI, M., MASTYKOVA, A. 2006, Les nécropoles de Viminacium à l’époque des grandes migrations. – Monographies 22, Paris. KOS, P., ŠEMROV, A. 1990, Rimski republikanski novci / Münzen der römischen Republik. – Situla 28, Zbirka Numizmatičnega kabineta Narodnega muzeja 1, Ljubljana. LAHARNAR, B. 2010, Arheologija bojišč rimske dobe (Roman Battleield Archaeology). – Arheo 27, 73–80 [summary in English / povzetek v angleščini]. LAHARNAR, B. 2011, Roman lead slingshots (glandes plumbeae) in Slovenia / Rimski svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (glandes plumbeae) iz Slovenije. – Arheološki vestnik 62, 339–374. LAHARNAR, B. 2012, Notranjska med prazgodovino in antiko (he Notranjska region [SW Slovenia] between prehistory and antiquity). – Unpublished Ph. D. thesis / Neobjavljena doktorska disertacija, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani [summary in English / povzetek v angleščini]. LAHARNAR, B., MLINAR, M. 2011, K Minervi in Hefajstu na Vrh gradu. – EPIcenter 12/1–2, 24–25. LAHARNAR, B., MLINAR, M. 2014, Prazgodovinski srebrni daritveni ploščici s Šentviške planote. – Keria, Studia Latina et Graeca 16/1, 9–20. MARTIN-KILCHER, S. 2011, Römer und gentes Alpinae im Konlikt – archäologische und historische Zeugnisse des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. – In/V: G. Moosbauer, R. Wiegels (eds./ ur.), Fines imperii-imperium sine ine? Römische Okkupations- und Grenzpolitik im frühen Principat. Beiträge zum Kongress “Fines imperii-imperium sine ine?” Osnabrück vom 14. bis 18. september 2009, Osnabrücker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption 14, Rahden, 27–62. MELLER, H. 2002, Die Fibeln aus dem Reitia-Heiligtum von Este (Ausgrabungen 1880–1916). Studien zu den Spätlatèneformen / Le ibule dal santuario di Reitia a Este (scavi 1880–1916). Studio delle forme del tardo La Tène. – Studien zu vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Heiligtümern 2, Il santuario di Reitia a Este 1, Mainz am Rhein. MLINAR, M., CREVATIN, F. 2012, Laminetta d’argento con iscrizione venetica proveniente da Vrh gradu sull’altipiano di Šentviška planota in Slovenia occidentale. – V/In: V. Orioles (ur./ed.), Per Roberto Gusmani, Linguistica storica e teoretica, Studi in ricordo 2/1, Udine, 287–294. MÜLLER, M. 2002, Die römischen Buntmetallfunde von Haltern. – Bodenaltertümer Westfalens 37, Mainz. OCHARÁN LARRONDO, J. A. 2006, La Batalla de Andagoste (Cuartango, Alava). – http://www.euskonews.com/0333zbk/ gaia33302es.html. OCHARÁN LARRONDO, J. A., UNZUETA PORTILLA, M. 2002, Andagoste (Cuartango, Álava). Un nuevo escenario de las guerras de conquista en el norte de Hispania. – In/V: A. Morillo Cerdán (ed./ur.), Arqueología militar romana en Hispania, Anejos de Gladius 5, Madrid, 311–325. OCHARÁN LARRONDO, J. A., UNZUETA PORTILLA, M. 2006, IX. El campo de batalla de Andagoste (Álava). – In/V: M. P. García Bellido (ed./ur.), Los campamentos romanos en Hispania (27 a.C.–192 d.C.), El abastecimiento de moneda, Anejos de Gladius 9, Madrid, 473–492. PAVLIN, P. 2014, Starejšeželeznodobni košarasti obeski, okrašeni z vodoravnimi črtami / Early Iron Age basket-shaped pendants with horizontal line decoration. – In/V: S. Tecco Hvala (ed./ur.), Studia praehistorica in honorem Janez Dular, Opera Instituti Archaeolgici Sloveniae 30, 341–354. POUX, M. 2008, L’empreinte du militaire tardo-républicain dans les faciès mobiliers de La Tène inale. – In/V: M. Poux (ed./ ur.), Sur les traces de César, Militaria tardo-républicains en contexte gaulois, Collection Bibracte 14, Glux-en-Glenne, 299–432. RAGETH, J. 2004, Frührömische Militaria aus dem Oberhalbstein GR – Belege für den Alpenfeldzug? – Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 87, 297–303. RAGETH, J. 2005, Weitere frührömische Militaria und andere Funde aus dem Oberhalbstein GR – Belege für den Alpenfeldzug. – Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellscahft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 88, 302–312. RAGETH, J. 2009, Römische und keltische Funde aus dem Crap-Ses-Gebiet. – In/V: 2000 Jahre Varusschlacht, 1. Imperium, Stuttgart, 270–272. RAGETH, J. 2011, Belege zum Alpenfeldzug aus dem Oberhalbstein GR. – In/V: C. Ebnöther, R. Schatzmann (eds./ur.), Oleum non perdidit, Festschrift für Stefanie Martin-Kilcher zu ihrem 65. Geburtstag, Antiqua 47, Basel, 59–69. RIC II: H. Mattingly, E. A. Sydenham, he Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. II: Vespasian to Hadrian. – London, 1926. MLINAR, M., GERBERC, T., LAHARNAR, B. 2014, Kot nekoč. Breginjski kot v arheoloških dobah. Katalog razstave. – Tolmin. RIC II/1: A. Carradice, T. V. Buttrey, he Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. II, Part 1, From AD 69–96: Vespasian to Domitian. – London, 2007. MORILLO CERDÁN, Á. 2014, Arqueología de la conquista del Norte peninsular. Nuevas interpretaciones sobre las campañas del 26–25 a.C. – In/V: F. Cadiou, M. Navarro Caballero (eds./ur.), La guerre et ses traces, Conlits et sociétés en Hispanie à l’ époque de la conqête romaine (IIIe–1er s. a.C.), Mémoires 37, Bordeaux, 133–148. RIC III: H. Mattingly, E. A. Sydenham, he Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus. – London, 1930. RIC IV/1: H. Mattingly, E. A. Sydenham, he Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. IV, Part I: Pertinax to Geta. – London, 1936. 65 RIC X: J. P. C. Kent, he Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. X: he Divided Empire and the Fall of the Western Parts 395–491. – London, 1994. RODRÍGUEZ MORALES, J., FERNÁNDEZ MONTORO, J. L., SÁNCHEZ SÁNCHEZ, J., BENÍTEZ DE LUGO ENRICH, L. 2012, Los clavi caligarii o tachuelas de cáliga. Elementos identiicadores de las calzadas Romanas. – Lucentum 31, 147–164. ROTH-RUBI, K. 2002, Why Dangstetten? – In/V: P. Freeman et al. (eds./ur.), Limes XVIII, Poceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, held in Amman, Jordan, September 2000, BAR International Series 1084, 509–514. ROTH-RUBI, K. 2006, Dangstetten III. Das Tafelgeschirr aus dem Militärlager von Dangstetten. – Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 103, Stuttgart. ROTH-RUBI, K., SCHLATENBRAND OBRECHT, V., SCHINDLER, M. P., ZACH, B. 2004, Neue Sicht auf die “Walenseetürme”. – Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellscahft für Urund Frühgeschichte 87, 33–70. RRC: M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage. – London, 1974. SANDER, A. 1992, Katalog der Kleinfunde. Die Grabungen 1962–1986. – In/V: J.-S. Kühlborn, Das Römerlager in Oberaden III, Die Ausgrabungen im nordwestlichen Lagerbereich und weitere Baustellenuntersuchungen der Jahre 1962–1988, Bodenaltertümer Westfalens 27, Münster, 135–173. Schlachtfeldarchäologie 2009: H. Meller (ed./ur.), Schlachtfeldarchäologie / Battleield archaeology. 1. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 09. bis 11. Oktober 2008 in Halle (Saale). – Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 2, Halle 2009. SIEVERS, S. 1997, Armes. – In/V: P. Rouillard (ed./ur.), Antiquités de l’Espagne, Paris, 58–67. SIEVERS, S. 2001, Les armes d’Alésia. – In/V: M. Reddé, S. von Schnurbein (eds./ur.), Alésia, 2: Le matériel, Mémoires de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 22, Paris, 121–291. SNG: N. Breitenstein (ed./ur.), Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Dänemark. he Royal Collection of Coins and Medals Danish National Museum. Italy – Part III – Lucania: Poseidonia-Bruttium. – Copenhagen, 1942. TAGLIAFERI, A. 1986a, Coloni e legionari romani nel Friuli Celtico. Una ricerca archeologica per la storia. 1: Testi. – Pordenone. TAGLIAFERI, A. 1986b, Coloni e legionari romani nel Friuli Celtico. Una ricerca archeologica per la storia. 2: Documenti. – Pordenone. 66 TERŽAN, B. 1973, Valična vas. – Arheološki vestnik 24, (1975), 660–729. TEßMANN, B. 2007, Körbchenanhänger im Süden – Göritzer Bömmeln im Norden. Eine vergleichende Studie zu einem späthallstattzeitlichen Anhängertyp. – In/V: M. Blečić et al. (eds./ur.), Scripta praehistorica in honorem Biba Teržan, Situla 44, Ljubljana, 667–694. TKN: R. Göbl, Typologie und Chronologie der keltischen Münzprägung in Noricum. – Denkschriften / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse 113 = Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Numismatik 2, Wien, 1973. VITRI, S. 2007, Monete preromane dalle Valli del Natisone / Predrimski novci iz Nadiških dolin. – In/V: G. Banchig, St. Magnani, A. Pessina (eds./ur.), Terre d’incontro, Contatti e scambi lungo le Valli del Natisone e dell’Isonzo dall’antichita al medioevo, Atti della giornata internazionale di studi, S. Pietro al Natisone, 26 novembre 2005 / Kraji srečanj, Stiki in izmenjave vzdolž Nadiških in Soške doline od antike do srednjega veka, Zapiski z mednarodnega študijskega dne v Špetru, 26. novembra 2005, Cividale del Friuli, 154–171. VUGA, D. 1970, Cerkno. – Varstvo spomenikov 15, 147. ZANIER, W. 1988, Römische dreilügelige Pfeilspitzen. – Saalburg Jahrbuch 44, 5–27. ZANIER, W. 1997, Ein einheimischer Opferplatz mit römischen Wafen der frühesten Okkupation (15–10 v. Chr.) bei Oberammergau. – In/V: W. Groenman-van Waateringe et al. (eds./ur.), Roman Frontier Studies 1995, Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Oxbow Monograph 91, Oxford, 47–52. ZANIER, W. 2006, Das Alpenrheintal in den Jahrzehnten um Christi Geburt. – Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 59, München. ZANIER, W. 2009a, Funde vom Septimierpass. – In/V: 2000 Jahre Varusschlacht, 1. Imperium, Stuttgart, 272–273. ZANIER, W. 2009b, Römische und einheimische Funde vom Opferplatz Döttenbichl, Oberammergau. – In/V: 2000 Jahre Varusschlacht, 1. Imperium, Stuttgart, 273–276. ZANIER, W. 2009c, Römische Wafenfunde vom Alpenfeldzug 15 v. Chr. – In/V: H. Meller (ed./ur.), Schlachtfeldarchäologie / Battleield Archaeology 1, Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 2, Halle, 89–97. Plate 1. Gradišče in Cerkno. 1, 7, 8 iron; 2–6 copper alloy. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 1. Gradišče v Cerknem. 1, 7, 8 železo; 2–6 bakrova zlitina. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 67 Plate 2. Gradišče in Cerkno. 1 gunmetal; 2 bronze; 3 brass; 4–32 iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 2. Gradišče v Cerknem. 1 rdeča litina; 2 bron; 3 medenina; 4–32 železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 68 Plate 3. Gradišče in Cerkno. Iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 3. Gradišče v Cerknem. Železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 69 Plate 4. Gradišče in Cerkno. Iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 4. Gradišče v Cerknem. Železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 70 Plate 5. Vrh gradu near Pečine. 2 silver; 3, 4–6, 8 copper alloys; 1, 3, 9–25 iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 5. Vrh gradu pri Pečinah. 2 srebro; 3, 4–6, 8 bakrove zlitine; 1, 3, 9–25 železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 71 Plate 6. Vrh gradu near Pečine. Lead. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 6. Vrh gradu pri Pečinah. Svinec. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 72 Plate 7. Vrh gradu near Pečine. 1–9 lead; 10–12 iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 7. Vrh gradu pri Pečinah. 1–9 svinec; 10–12 železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 73 Plate 2. Mali Njivč. 21 leaded bronze; 22 copper; rest iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 2. Mali Njivč. 21 svinčev bron; 22 baker; drugo železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 383

RELATED PAPERS

Философскии дискурс проверенныи

Володимир Черненко

View PDF
Metalloid-Metall-Schichtverbundwerkstoffe

Heinrich Feichtinger

View PDF

Environments

A Case Study on Metal Contamination in Water and Sediment near a Coal Thermal Power Plant on the Eastern Coast of Bangladesh

Solaiman hossain

View PDF
Analisis Sifat Termal Dan Uji Kelarutan Dari Karet Alam Siklis Dan Karet Alam Cair Siklis Analysis of Thermal Properties and Solubility Test of Cyclic Natural Rubber and Cyclic Liquid Natural Rubber

2017 •

leni widiarti

View PDF

FACETS

Free Fallin’? The decline in evidence-based decision-making by Canada’s protected areas managers

2021 •

Brian Joubert

View PDF

Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dermatology

A Case of Systemic Amyloidosis Associated with Multiple Myeloma Diagnosed with Skin Findings

2020 •

betül ibik erdem

View PDF
Model for Developing and Assessing Critical Thinking Skills in an Undergraduate Civil Engineering Program

2020 •

Alina Zapalska

View PDF

Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik

Stereotaktische Konvergenzbestrahlung, interstitielle Radiotherapie und Hyperthermie bei Hirntumoren

1992 •

G. Grebe

View PDF

Cadernos de Tradução

Entrevista com Fábio Fernandes

2017 •

Gilles Abes

View PDF

JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Non-Linear Analysis of Suspension Bridges with Flexible and Rigid Cables

2010 •

Algirdas Juozapaitis

View PDF

TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference

Object segmentation using block based patterns

2009 •

0255 Sk.Mahmudul Hasan 7A

View PDF
Dissemination of findings on prejudice, discrimination and racism in HE to the School of Education

2021 •

Charmaine Brown

View PDF
Η αμφιλεγόμενη Documenta 14 και το πρόβλημα της κριτικής της, Ειρηναίος Μαράκης

2017 •

Ειρηναίος Μαράκης

View PDF

Doxa. Cuadernos de Filosofía del Derecho

Teoría del Derecho y sociología del Derecho: el Dictionnaire d'Eguilles

1988 •

Javier de Lucas

View PDF

NeuroImage: Clinical

Specific functional connectivity alterations of the dorsal striatum in young people with depression

2015 •

Sarah Whittle

View PDF
Perancangan kawasan wisata alam berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Pacet Kabupaten Mojokerto

2015 •

Erina Wulansari

View PDF
Quantum Fields bounded by one dimensional

2013 •

Michael Bordag

View PDF

International Journal of Food Properties

Encapsulating Properties of Legume Proteins: Recent Updates & Perspectives

2021 •

Prof. Dr. Faqir Muhammad Anjum

View PDF

American Journal of Epidemiology

The Challenges and Solutions to Monitoring Health Disparities in Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Populations

2006 •

Maile Taualii

View PDF

Advances in medical education and practice

The value of mobile tablet computers (iPads) in the undergraduate medical curriculum

2018 •

Smit Patel

View PDF

AIP Conference Proceedings

Nuclear physics problems for accreting neutron stars

1984 •

Stanford Woosley

View PDF

Research Journal of Environmental Sciences

Macroinvertebrate Community Assossiciations on Three Different Macrophytic Species in Manasbal Lake

2012 •

Gowhar Ashiq Dar

View PDF

arXiv (Cornell University)

Shopping Mall Attraction and Social Mixing at a City Scale

2018 •

Diego Caro

View PDF

International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Palliative care and prognosis in COPD: a systematic review with a validation cohort

2017 •

Pedro Landete

View PDF

Genetics Selection Evolution

Olive domestication from structure of oleasters and cultivars using nuclear RAPDs and mitochondrial RFLPs

2001 •

Andre Berville

View PDF

RELATED TOPICS

Roman Army